Toxicological profiles - Hydrogen sulfide

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR HYDROGEN SULFIDE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS HYDROGEN SULFIDE?......Page 21
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO HYDROGEN SULFIDE?......Page 22
1.5 HOW CAN HYDROGEN SULFIDE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 23
1.6 HOW CAN HYDROGEN SULFIDE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 25
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 26
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 27
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 29
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 31
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 35
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 63
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 64
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 69
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 70
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 71
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 72
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 73
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 76
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 77
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 78
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 79
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 80
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 82
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 86
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 87
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 88
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 91
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 93
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 110
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 112
2.7.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Hydrogen Sulfide......Page 113
2.7.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Hydrogen Sulfide......Page 114
2.8 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 115
2.9 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 117
2.10 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 118
2.10.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 119
2.11 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 120
2.11.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide......Page 121
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 123
2.11.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 131
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 132
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 136
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 138
5.2.2 Water......Page 140
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 141
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 142
5.4.1 Air......Page 143
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 144
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 145
5.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 147
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 148
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 150
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 152
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 158
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 165
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 166
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 168
8. REFERENCES......Page 175
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 207
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (Kow)......Page 208
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 209
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 212
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 214
USER'S GUIDE......Page 218
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 226