Toxicological profiles - Hexamethylene diisocyanate

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR HEXAMETHYLENE DIISOCYANATE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 11
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 7
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 15
LIST OF TABLES......Page 17
1.1 WHAT IS HEXAMETHYLENE DIISOCYANATE?......Page 19
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO HDI?......Page 20
1.5 HOW CAN HDI AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 21
1.6 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO HDI?......Page 22
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 23
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 24
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 25
2.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 27
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 28
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 30
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 65
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 70
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 71
2.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 72
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 73
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 78
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 83
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 87
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 88
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 89
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 90
2.4 MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 91
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 95
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 107
2.6.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Hexamethylene Diisocyanate.......Page 108
2.7 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 110
2.9 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 111
2.9.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 112
2.10.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Hexamethylene Diisocyanate......Page 113
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 115
2.10.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 119
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 122
4.3 USE......Page 127
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 128
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 129
5.2.2 Water......Page 133
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 134
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 135
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 137
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 139
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 140
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 141
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 145
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 146
5.7.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 150
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 152
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 154
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 157
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 158
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 160
8. REFERENCES......Page 165
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 181
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL)......Page 182
Toxic Dose (TD50)......Page 183
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 184
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 186
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEETS......Page 188
USER'S GUIDE......Page 197
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 206