Toxicological profiles - Ethylbenzene

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR ETHYLBENZENE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS ETHYLBENZENE?......Page 21
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO ETHYLBENZENE?......Page 22
1.4 HOW CAN ETHYLBENZENE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 23
1.5 HOW CAN ETHYLBENZENE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 24
1.6 HOW CAN ETHYLBENZENE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 25
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO......Page 26
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO......Page 27
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 29
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 30
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 32
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 33
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 62
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 64
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 65
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 68
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 70
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 74
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 75
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 76
2.2.3.8 Cancer......Page 80
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 81
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 82
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 83
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 84
2.3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 85
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 86
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 90
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 92
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 93
2.3.5.3 Discussion of Models.......Page 95
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 101
2.4.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 102
Overview.......Page 103
Minimal Risk Levels for Ethylbenzene.......Page 104
Systemic Effects.......Page 108
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 118
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 120
2.7.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Ethylbenzene......Page 122
2.8 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 123
2.9 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 124
2.10.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 125
2.10.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 126
2.11.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Ethylbenzene......Page 127
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 130
2.11.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 136
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 138
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 142
4.3 USE......Page 143
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 146
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 148
5.2.1 Air......Page 151
5.2.2 Water......Page 156
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 157
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 159
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 160
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 164
5.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 165
5.4.1 Air......Page 166
5.4.2 Water......Page 171
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 173
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 174
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 175
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 179
5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 180
5.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 181
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 182
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 185
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 189
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 192
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 197
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 198
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 202
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 203
8. REFERENCES......Page 214
Case Series......Page 257
Incidence......Page 258
Mortality......Page 259
Physiologically Based Pharmacodynamic (PBPD) Model......Page 260
Retrospective Study......Page 261
Xenobiotic......Page 262
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 263
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEETS......Page 265
USER'S GUIDE......Page 269
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOL......Page 277