Toxicological profiles - Endosulfan

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR ENDOSULFAN......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 18
LIST OF TABLES......Page 20
1.1 WHAT IS ENDOSULFAN?......Page 22
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO ENDOSULFAN?......Page 23
1.4 HOW CAN ENDOSULFAN ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 24
1.5 HOW CAN ENDOSULFAN AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 25
1.6 HOW CAN ENDOSULFAN AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 26
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO ENDOSULFAN?......Page 27
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 29
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 30
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 33
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 35
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 43
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 44
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 45
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 46
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 49
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 93
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 95
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 99
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 101
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 103
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 104
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 106
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 107
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 117
2.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 118
2.2.3.6 Developmental Effects......Page 120
2.3.1 Absorption......Page 121
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 122
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 123
2.3.2 Distribution......Page 124
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 125
2.3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 128
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 129
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 133
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 135
2.3.5 Physiologically based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 136
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 140
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 144
2.6 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION......Page 168
2.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 172
2.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 177
2.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Endosulfan......Page 178
2.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Endosulfan......Page 179
2.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 180
2.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 182
2.11.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 184
2.12 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 185
2.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Endosulfan......Page 186
2.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 189
2.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 201
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 202
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 215
4.3 USE......Page 217
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 218
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 221
5.2.2 Water......Page 223
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 224
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 228
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 229
5.4.1 Air......Page 231
5.4.2 Water......Page 232
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 234
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 235
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 238
5.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 241
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 242
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 246
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 248
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 250
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 254
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 260
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 261
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 263
8. REFERENCES......Page 273
Case-Control Study......Page 321
Genotoxicity......Page 322
Malformations......Page 323
Pesticide......Page 324
Reference Dose (RfD)......Page 325
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)......Page 326
Xenobiotic......Page 327
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 328
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEET......Page 330
USER'S GUIDE......Page 336
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 347