Toxicological profiles - Chloroform

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CHLOROFORM......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 11
LIST OF TABLES......Page 12
1.1 WHAT IS CHLOROFORM......Page 13
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO CHLOROFORM?......Page 14
1.5 HOW CAN CHLOROFORM AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 16
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 18
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 19
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 20
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 22
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 23
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 51
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 53
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 54
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 55
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 57
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 100
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 101
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 102
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 103
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 104
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 105
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 107
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 110
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 111
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 112
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 114
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 115
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 116
2.3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 117
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 118
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 122
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 123
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 124
2.3.5.1 Summary of PBPK/PD Models......Page 125
2.3.5.3 Discussion of Chloroform Models......Page 128
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 138
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 141
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 142
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 166
2.6.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Chloroform......Page 167
2.6.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Chloroform......Page 168
2.7 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 169
2.8 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 171
2.9.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 172
2.9.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 173
2.10 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 174
2.10.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Chloroform......Page 175
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 176
2.10.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 184
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 186
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 190
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 192
4.3 USE......Page 195
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 196
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 197
5.2.1 Air......Page 198
5.2.2 Water......Page 202
5.2.3 Soil......Page 203
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 204
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 206
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 207
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 208
5.4.1 Air......Page 209
5.4.2 Water......Page 210
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 212
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 213
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 214
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 216
5.7 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 217
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 218
5.7.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 220
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 223
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 226
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 234
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 236
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 238
8. REFERENCES......Page 251
Intermediate Exposure......Page 293
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)......Page 294
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 295
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 296
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEETS......Page 298
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEET......Page 301
USER S GUIDE......Page 312
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 319