Toxicological profiles - Carbon disulfide

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CARBON DISULFIDE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 11
LIST OF TABLES......Page 12
1.1 WHAT IS CARBON DISULFIDE?......Page 13
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO CARBON DISULFIDE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 14
1.4 HOW CAN CARBON DISULFIDE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 15
1.5 HOW CAN CARBON DISULFIDE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 16
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 17
 1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 18
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 19
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 21
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 22
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 47
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 48
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 58
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 60
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 63
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 64
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 71
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 72
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 73
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 74
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 75
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 76
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 77
2.3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 78
2.3.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 79
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 80
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 85
2.3.4.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 86
2.4 MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 87
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 89
Oral......Page 90
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 97
2.6.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Carbon Disulfide......Page 98
2.6.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Carbon Disulfide......Page 103
2.7 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES......Page 105
2.8 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 109
2.9 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 110
2.9.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 111
2.9.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 112
2.10.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Carbon Disulfide......Page 113
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 115
2.10.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 124
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 125
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 129
4.3 USE......Page 130
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 135
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 136
5.2.1 Air......Page 141
5.2.2 Water......Page 142
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 143
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 144
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 145
5.4.1 Air......Page 146
5.4.2 Water......Page 147
5.4.4 Other Media......Page 150
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 151
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 152
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 154
5.7.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 157
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 158
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 163
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 167
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 168
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 169
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 170
8. REFERENCES......Page 175
Intermediate Exposure......Page 223
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)......Page 224
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 225
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 226
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEETS......Page 228
USER'S GUIDE......Page 232
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 239