Toxicological profiles - Antimony and compounds

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR ANTIMONY AND COMPOUNDS......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
FOREWORD......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 5
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 9
LIST OF TABLES......Page 11
1.1 WHAT IS ANTIMONY?......Page 13
1.2 HOW HIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO ANTIMONY?......Page 14
1.3 HOW CAN ANTIMONY ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 15
1.5 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO ANTIMONY?......Page 16
1.7 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 17
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 19
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 20
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 27
2.2.1.6 Reproductive Effects......Page 31
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 32
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 33
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 38
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 39
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 40
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 43
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 44
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 45
2.3.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 47
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 48
2.3.4.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 49
2.4 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 50
2.5 BIOMABKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 57
2.8 MITIGATION OF EFFECTS......Page 58
2.9 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 59
2.9.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Antimony......Page 60
2.9.2 Data Needs......Page 62
2.9.3 On-going Studies......Page 67
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 69
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 75
4.3 USE......Page 79
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 80
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 81
5.2.1 Air......Page 86
5.2.2 Water......Page 89
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 90
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 94
5.3.2.3 Soil......Page 98
5.4.1 Air......Page 99
5.4.2 Water......Page 101
5.4.3 Soil......Page 103
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 104
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 105
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 108
5.7.1 Data Needs......Page 109
5.7.2 On-going Studies......Page 112
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 113
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 114
6.3.1 Data Needs......Page 118
6.3.2 On-going Studies......Page 119
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 121
8. REFERENCES......Page 125
EPA Health Advisory......Page 145
Minimal Risk Level......Page 146
Reproductive Toxicity......Page 147
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 148
USER'S GUIDE......Page 149
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 157
PEER REVIEW......Page 160