Toxicological profiles - 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrotoluene

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR 2,4- and 2,6-DINITROTOLUENE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT ARE 2,4- AND 2,6-DINITROTOLUENE?......Page 20
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO 2,4- AND 2,6-DINITROTOLUENE WHEN THEY ENTER THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 21
1.4 HOW CAN 2,4- AND 2,6-DINITROTOLUENE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 22
1.5 HOW CAN 2,4- AND 2,6-DINITROTOLUENE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 23
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO 2,4- AND 2,6-DINITROTOLUENE?......Page 24
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 25
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 26
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 28
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 30
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 31
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 34
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 35
2.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 36
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 37
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 39
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 72
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 74
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 77
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 78
2.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 80
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 81
2.2.3.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 83
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 84
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 85
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 86
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 94
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 95
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 96
2.4 MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 97
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 99
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 101
2.4.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 102
Overview.......Page 103
Minimal Risk Levels for 2,4- and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene......Page 104
Death......Page 105
Systemic Effects.......Page 106
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 121
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 124
2.7.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to 2,4- and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene......Page 125
2.8 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 126
2.9 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 127
2.10.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 128
2.11 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 129
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 130
2.11.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 141
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 143
4.3 USE......Page 147
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 150
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 151
5.2.1 Air......Page 154
5.2.2 Water......Page 158
5.2.3 Soil......Page 159
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 160
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 161
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 164
5.4.2 Water......Page 165
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 166
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 168
5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 169
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 170
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 174
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 175
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 176
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 181
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 189
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 190
8. REFERENCES......Page 197
Intermediate Exposure......Page 222
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)......Page 223
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 224
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 226
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 228
USER'S GUIDE......Page 234
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 242