Town and Country Planning in the UK

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List of plates......Page 15
List of figures......Page 16
List of tables......Page 18
List of boxes......Page 19
Preface......Page 22
Barry Cullingworth 1929—2005......Page 24
List of acronyms and abbreviations......Page 26
Introduction......Page 38
An evolution in planning......Page 39
Distinctive features of the British planning system......Page 41
Purpose and performance of planning in Britain......Page 44
Challenges for planning in Britain......Page 48
A word about planning theory......Page 49
Further reading......Page 50
Notes......Page 52
The public health origins......Page 54
The first Planning Act......Page 55
Inter-war legislation......Page 57
The depressed areas......Page 58
The Barlow Report......Page 59
The impact of war......Page 60
The new planning system......Page 62
A question of land values......Page 63
The early years of the new planning system: development and betterment, housing, new towns and green belts......Page 64
The affluent society and modernisation......Page 66
Economic crisis, challenges to authority, policy shifts and betterment again......Page 67
Planning as a problem, urban regeneration and the environment......Page 69
'Things can only get better': the Labour governments from 1997 to 2010......Page 70
A century of planning......Page 71
Notes......Page 72
Introduction......Page 74
Britain in the EU......Page 76
Council of the European Union (Council of Ministers)......Page 77
European Parliament......Page 79
Council of Europe......Page 80
Organisational responsibilities......Page 81
Department for Culture, Media and Sport......Page 82
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs......Page 83
Executive agencies......Page 87
Central government planning functions......Page 88
'Modernising government'......Page 92
Devolution to Scotland and Wales......Page 93
Scottish Executive......Page 94
Northern Ireland Office......Page 95
The waxing and waning of English regionalism......Page 96
From regional development agencies to local enterprise partnerships......Page 98
Greater London Authority......Page 101
The evolution of local government......Page 102
Decision-making in local government......Page 106
Local government in Scotland......Page 108
Scottish local government and the Scottish Parliament......Page 109
Local government in Wales......Page 110
Local government in Northern Ireland......Page 111
'Joining up' at the local level......Page 112
Managing planning at the local level......Page 114
The ethical local authority......Page 115
Further reading......Page 116
Notes......Page 118
Introduction......Page 122
EU competences in spatial planning......Page 125
European Spatial Development Perspective......Page 128
Territorial cohesion......Page 129
Spatial visions......Page 130
NATIONAL PLANS AND POLICIES......Page 131
Scotland......Page 132
Wales......Page 133
Northern Ireland......Page 134
England......Page 136
Summary......Page 138
REGIONAL PLANNING IN ENGLAND......Page 139
Development plans post 1947......Page 144
Development plans post 1968......Page 145
Development plans post 1985......Page 148
Development plans post 1991......Page 149
Development plans post 2004......Page 150
Development plans post 2011......Page 154
Development plans in Northern Ireland......Page 159
Development plans in Scotland......Page 160
Development plans in Wales......Page 162
The scope and content of plans......Page 163
Statutory procedures and management of the plan process......Page 167
Further reading......Page 173
Introduction......Page 174
From development control to development management......Page 175
The scope of control......Page 176
Definition of development......Page 178
The Use Classes Order and the General Permitted Development Order......Page 180
Withdrawal of permitted development rights......Page 187
Local development orders......Page 188
Planning application process......Page 190
The development plan in the determination of planning applications......Page 192
Other material considerations......Page 193
Good design......Page 195
Amenity......Page 196
Planning conditions and obligations......Page 197
Fees for planning applications......Page 204
Planning appeals......Page 205
Variations within the UK......Page 208
Enforcement of planning control......Page 209
Purchase and blight notices......Page 212
Development by the Crown, government departments and statutory undertakers......Page 214
Control of advertisements......Page 215
Control of mineral working......Page 217
Major infrastructure projects......Page 218
Caravans......Page 220
Telecommunications......Page 223
Efficiency and resourcing of development management......Page 224
Further reading......Page 229
Notes......Page 231
Introduction......Page 236
Evidence in planning......Page 238
PLANNING FOR HOUSING......Page 239
Links between economic trends and household formation......Page 242
The Barker Reviews......Page 244
Strategic housing market assessments and strategic housing land availability assessments......Page 246
Housing affordability......Page 250
Addressing local housing problems......Page 252
Accommodating housing growth......Page 254
How much housing and where?......Page 259
PLANNING FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT......Page 260
Developing planning policy for employment and economic development......Page 261
PLANNING FOR RETAIL DEVELOPMENT......Page 265
Trends in retailing......Page 267
Developments in retail planning policies......Page 269
Assessing new shopping developments......Page 272
CHALLENGES OF DEVELOPING PLANNING POLICIES......Page 277
Further reading......Page 278
Notes......Page 279
THE MEANINGS OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN PLANNING......Page 282
EU ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY......Page 286
European Environment Agency......Page 288
ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS AND INSTITUTIONS......Page 290
Environmental commissions and committees......Page 292
Environment agencies......Page 293
Natural England......Page 294
SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE......Page 295
Agenda 21 in the UK......Page 301
Local Agenda 21 in the UK......Page 302
Rio+20 Conference: sustainable development's swansong?......Page 303
Ecosystem services......Page 304
RESILIENCE......Page 306
CLIMATE CHANGE......Page 307
Observed changes in the climate system......Page 308
Drivers of climate change......Page 309
Impacts of climate change......Page 311
Mitigation and adaptation......Page 313
International climate policy......Page 314
The Kyoto Protocol......Page 317
National climate policy......Page 318
Local context......Page 320
The role of planning in relation to climate change......Page 321
MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING......Page 330
Marine plans......Page 331
PLANNING AND POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL......Page 333
Pollution control framework......Page 334
Air quality......Page 336
Water quality......Page 337
Noise......Page 338
Light pollution......Page 340
Waste planning......Page 341
Environmental impact assessment......Page 346
Strategic environmental assessment......Page 347
Sustainability appraisal......Page 349
Further reading......Page 352
Conservation values and the evolution of conservation planning......Page 354
A brief history of the heritage protection system......Page 357
Conservation planning today: structure and funding......Page 361
Monuments and archaeology......Page 365
Buildings......Page 366
Conservation areas......Page 373
The wider historic environment: other designated heritage assets and characterisation......Page 377
Conservation and regeneration......Page 381
Constructive conservation and modern heritage......Page 383
Summary and prospects......Page 385
Further reading......Page 386
Immediate post-war......Page 388
The 1970s......Page 390
'Design', or 'urban design'?......Page 393
The 1980s and 1990s......Page 394
Central government guidance 1997—2004......Page 395
Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment......Page 396
Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004......Page 397
The National Planning Policy Framework......Page 400
Design review......Page 401
Design codes......Page 402
Housing: space standards and density......Page 404
Tall buildings......Page 406
Crime and design......Page 407
The Taylor Review and resultant design guidance......Page 409
Notes......Page 410
Introduction......Page 412
The changing rural context......Page 414
Changes in agriculture......Page 415
Rural planning policy......Page 417
Similarities and differences in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland......Page 421
The national parks......Page 423
Landscape and countryside designations......Page 426
Scottish designations......Page 429
The coast......Page 431
Waterways......Page 433
Public rights of way......Page 434
Provision for recreation and country parks......Page 437
Green belts......Page 440
Countryside grant programmes......Page 443
Nature conservation......Page 444
Biodiversity......Page 449
Forestry......Page 450
Further reading......Page 453
Notes......Page 455
Introduction......Page 460
The transfer of responsibilities to the state: urban policy is born......Page 461
Housing renewal areas......Page 464
Public-sector homes: estate action......Page 465
Housing action trusts......Page 466
Decent homes for all......Page 467
Coalition housing policy......Page 470
Housing affordability......Page 471
Scottish housing......Page 475
AREA-BASED REGENERATION AND STATE-SUBSIDISED DEVELOPMENT......Page 476
The lead-up to area-based intervention......Page 477
Urban programme......Page 478
Policy for the inner cities and Action for Cities......Page 480
Urban development corporations......Page 481
City Challenge......Page 487
The housing and regeneration agency......Page 488
Single regeneration programme......Page 490
New Deal for Communities and neighbourhood renewal......Page 491
Delivering an urban renaissance......Page 492
Urban regeneration companies......Page 496
Housing market renewal......Page 500
Urban policy under the Coalition......Page 501
Scottish urban policies......Page 505
Northern Ireland......Page 507
Evaluation of urban and area-based policy......Page 508
Further reading......Page 512
Notes......Page 514
Approaches to infrastructure planning......Page 517
Hypermobility and automobility......Page 518
Transport policy and planning in the 1960s and 1970s......Page 520
Roads policies in the 1970s......Page 522
Infrastructure policy 1979—97......Page 523
Transport policy under Labour 1997—2010......Page 528
UK infrastructure planning from 2010......Page 535
Future prospects......Page 542
Further reading......Page 543
Notes......Page 544
Participation in planning: from consultation to co-production?......Page 545
Community, parish and neighbourhood planning......Page 549
Public participation in development management......Page 550
Rights of appeal......Page 551
Use of public inquiries and examinations......Page 552
Race and planning......Page 554
Women and planning......Page 555
Maladministration, the Ombudsman and probity......Page 556
The professionalisation of planning......Page 558
Planning education......Page 560
In conclusion......Page 561
Further reading......Page 562
Note......Page 563
Bibliography......Page 564
Index of statutes......Page 613
General index......Page 615