Total Lobbying: What Lobbyists Want (and How They Try to Get It)

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
1 Studying Lobbyists and Lobbying......Page 11
LOBBYING: A COMPLEX PHENOMENON......Page 12
The Need for This Book......Page 13
My Approach......Page 14
Lobbying......Page 15
Organized Interest......Page 16
Summary......Page 17
The Interviews......Page 18
Summary......Page 20
What’s Next?......Page 21
1. Many Types of Organized Interests Engage in Lobbying......Page 22
3. Lobbyists Have a Wide Variety of Lobbying Techniques at Their Disposal......Page 26
4. Lobbying = Providing Information......Page 36
5. Institutions – Especially Business Firms – Dominate\rLobbying in the United States......Page 39
6. Lobbyists Spend Considerable Time on Nonlobbying Activities......Page 41
7. Lobbyists Sometimes Get What They Want......Page 42
8. Lobbyists Are Neither Whores nor Scoundrels......Page 43
Summary: The Conventional Wisdom on Lobbyists and Lobbying......Page 44
CONCLUSION: WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED ABOUT LOBBYING AND LOBBYISTS......Page 45
3 Public Policy Lobbying, Part One......Page 47
Types of Policy Decisions......Page 48
Two General Observations about the Policy Process......Page 51
Public Policy Lobbyists Represent Organized Interests of All Kinds......Page 52
WHAT PUBLIC POLICY LOBBYISTS DO OTHER THAN LOBBYING......Page 53
Lobbyists Monitor Government......Page 54
Lobbyists Manage Their Clients and Members......Page 61
Summary......Page 65
WHAT PUBLIC POLICY LOBBYING LOOKS LIKE......Page 66
LEGISLATIVE LOBBYING......Page 67
Background Legislative Lobbying......Page 68
Proposal-Specific Legislative Lobbying......Page 71
Summary......Page 77
Lobbying the Chief Executive......Page 78
Lobbying the Bureaucracy......Page 79
GRASSROOTS LOBBYING......Page 84
The Techniques......Page 85
The Information......Page 86
What Information Is Being Conveyed to Public Policymakers?......Page 88
Summary......Page 89
Why Give Money?......Page 90
A Better Way to Buy Access......Page 92
WHAT DOES PUBLIC POLICY LOBBYING LOOK LIKE?......Page 93
Who Lobbies?......Page 94
What Nonlobbying Activities Do Public Policy Lobbyists Engage In?......Page 95
Whom Do Public Policy Lobbyists Target?......Page 97
Which Techniques Do Public Policy Lobbyists Use Most?......Page 99
Which Techniques Are Most Effective?......Page 100
Which Types of Information Do Public Policy Lobbyists Provide?......Page 103
What Determines Whether or Not Public Policy Lobbyists Win?......Page 105
CONCLUSION......Page 110
5 Land Use Lobbying......Page 113
Zoning Basics......Page 115
The Three Main Types of Land Use Decisions......Page 116
Summary......Page 120
Most Land Use Lobbyists Represent Business Firms......Page 121
Many Land Use Lobbyists Are Contract Lobbyists......Page 123
Not All Land Use Decisions Are Accompanied by Lobbying......Page 124
WHAT LAND USE LOBBYISTS DO OTHER THAN LOBBYING......Page 125
Land Use Lobbyists Advise, Inform, and Counsel Landowners and/or Potential Landowners......Page 126
Land Use Lobbyists Consult with Local Government Bureaucrats......Page 128
Land Use Lobbyists Do Paperwork......Page 129
Summary......Page 130
Lobbying the Planning Staff......Page 131
Lobbying for Planning Commission Support......Page 133
Lobbying for Legislative Support......Page 141
Lobbying Local Legislators......Page 142
What Do Neighborhood Associations and NIMBY Groups Do?......Page 146
Where Does Land Use Lobbying Take Place?......Page 147
Who Lobbies?......Page 148
Whom Do Land Use Lobbyists Target?......Page 149
Which Techniques Do Land Use Lobbyists Use Most?......Page 150
Which Techniques Are Most Effective?......Page 151
Which Types of Information Do Land Use Lobbyists Provide?......Page 152
What Determines Whether or Not Land Use Lobbyists Win?......Page 154
CONCLUSION......Page 156
Summary......Page 157
6 Procurement Lobbying......Page 158
The Decision to Purchase Something: The Budget Process......Page 159
Acquisition Procedures......Page 161
Summary......Page 165
Most Procurement Lobbyists Represent Business Firms......Page 166
Many Procurement Lobbyists Are Contract Lobbyists......Page 167
Procurement Lobbyists Help Business Firms Understand and Navigate the Procurement Process......Page 169
Procurement Lobbyists Monitor Government......Page 171
Summary......Page 173
Lobbying Executive Agencies......Page 174
Lobbying the Legislature......Page 183
Summary......Page 190
Who Lobbies?......Page 191
Whom Do Procurement Lobbyists Target?......Page 192
Which Techniques Do Procurement Lobbyists Use Most?......Page 195
Which Techniques Are Most Effective?......Page 196
Which Types of Information Do Procurement Lobbyists Provide?......Page 197
What Determines Whether or Not Procurement Lobbyists Win?......Page 200
CONCLUSION......Page 204
Where Does Lobbying Take Place?......Page 207
What Nonlobbying Activities Do Lobbyists Engage In?......Page 208
Whom Do Lobbyists Target?......Page 209
What Techniques Do Lobbyists Use Most?......Page 210
Which Techniques Are Most Effective?......Page 211
What Types of Information Do Lobbyists Provide?......Page 212
What Determines Whether or Not Lobbyists Win?......Page 214
FINAL THOUGHTS......Page 215
Lobbying Is Often Devoid of Conflict......Page 216
Lobbyists Are Often Exceedingly Cautious......Page 217
Lobbying in America Is Dominated by Business Firms......Page 218
Lobbyists Spend Considerable Time on Nonlobbying Activities......Page 222
Lobbyists Rely Primarily on Personal Meetings......Page 223
Many Lobbying Techniques Are Not Particularly Effective......Page 225
Lobbying = Providing Information......Page 226
For Many Lobbyists, What the Public Wants Matters a Lot......Page 227
THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM......Page 229
Why This Classification System?......Page 230
Does the Classification System Work?......Page 231
The Classification System: A Summary (and a Problem)......Page 233
The Basic Approach......Page 235
Elite Interviewing as a Methodology: Some Pitfalls and How I Dealt with Them......Page 236
The Nature of the Sample......Page 238
1. STUDYING LOBBYISTS AND LOBBYING......Page 243
2. LOBBYING AND LOBBYISTS IN THE UNITED STATES: A PRIMER......Page 244
3. PUBLIC POLICY LOBBYING, PART ONE......Page 254
4. PUBLIC POLICY LOBBYING, PART TWO......Page 256
5. LAND USE LOBBYING......Page 257
6. PROCUREMENT LOBBYING......Page 260
7. RECAP AND FINAL THOUGHTS......Page 262
APPENDIX B. METHODOLOGICAL NOTES......Page 264
Index......Page 267