Tort Law: Principles in Practice: Principles in Practice

Front Matter
	Editorial Advisors
	Title Page
	Copyright Page
	About Aspen Publishing
	Dedication Page
	Summary of Contents
	Contents
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
1 INTRODUCTION TO TORTS
	I. Torts Defined
	II. Goals and Criticisms
		A. What Are the Purposes Behind Tort Law?
		B. Has Tort Law Gotten Out of Control?
			Rule 11 and Tort Reform: Myth, Reality, and Legislation
	III. Case Procedure and Definitions
		A. Pleadings and Attacks on Pleadings
		B. Formal Discovery
		C. Motions for Summary Judgment
		D. Trial
		E. Entry of Judgment
		F. Appeal
	IV. Case Briefing
		A. Reasons for Briefing a Case
		B. Preparation of a Case Brief
			1. Facts
			2. Procedural History
			3. Issue
			4. Rule
			5. Analysis
			6. Holding
2 INTENTIONAL TORTS
	I. Overview
	II. Battery
		A. Introduction
		B. Intent
			Garratt v. Dailey
			Waters v. Blackshear
		C. Offensive, Indirect, and Intangible Contacts
			Fisher v. Carrousel Motor Hotel, Inc.
			Richardson v. Hennly
			Eichenwald v. Rivello
		D. Scope of Liability for Battery
			Nelson v. Carroll
		E. The Single vs. Dual Intent Debate
			White v. Muniz
	III. Assault
		A. Introduction
		B. The Elements
			1. Intent
				Cullison v. Medley
			2. Reasonable Apprehension
				Bouton v. Allstate Ins. Co.
			3. Imminent Apprehension
				Brower v. Ackerly
		C. Transfer of Intent
			Hall v. McBryde
	IV. False Imprisonment
		A. Introduction
		B. The Elements
			1. Intent to Detain
				William Whirl v. C.V. (Buster) Kern
			2. Detention
				Smith v. Comair, Inc.
		C. Shopkeeper?s Privilege
			Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Resendez
	V. Trespass
		A. Introduction
		B. Land
			1. Intent
				Thomas v. Harrah?s Vicksburg Corp.
			2. Scope of Liability
				Baker v. Shymkiv
		C. Personal Property
			1. Trespass to Chattels
				Koepnick v. Sears Roebuck & Co.
			2. Conversion
				Pearson v. Dodd
	VI. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
		A. Outrageous Conduct Intending Emotional Distress
			Zalnis v. Thoroughbred Datsun Car Co.
			Strauss v. Cilek
		B. Severe Emotional Distress
			Miller v. Willbanks, M.D.
			Jones v. Clinton
		C. Constitutional Protection of Outrageous Speech
			Snyder v. Phelps
3 DEFENSES TO INTENTIONAL TORTS
	I. Introduction
	II. Consent
		A. Standard and Effect
			McQuiggan v. Boy Scouts of America
		B. Limitations on Consent
			1. Exceeding the Scope
				Koffman v. Garnett
			2. Fraud
				Hogan v. Tavzel
				McPherson v. McPherson
	III. Defense of Self, Others, and Property
		A. Self-Defense
			Slayton v. McDonald
		B. Defense of Others
			Young v. Warren
		C. Defense of Property
			Woodard v. Turnipseed
			Katko v. Briney
4 NEGLIGENCE: BREACH OF DUTY OF REASONABLE CARE
	I. Introduction
	II. The Duty of Reasonable Care
		A. The Objective Standard
			Vaughan v. Menlove
		B. Actual and Constructive Knowledge; Hindsight
			Parrot v. Wells, Fargo & Co.
	III. The Reasonable Person Under the Circumstances
		A. Extraordinary Knowledge and Skill
			Cervelli v. Graves
		B. Physical Disability
			Poyner v. Loftus
		C. Mental Disability
			Creasy v. Rusk
		D. Children
			Robinson v. Lindsay
		E. Extraordinarily Dangerous Activities
			Stewart v. Motts
		F. Sudden Emergency
			Myhaver v. Knutson
	IV. Proving Breach of Duty
		A. The Learned Hand Formula
			Davis v. Consolidated Rail Corp.
		B. Negligence Per Se?Violation of Statutes
			1. Origins and Rationale
				Martin v. Herzog
			2. Type of Harm and Membership in Protected Class
				Wawanesa Mutual Ins. v. Matlock
			3. Excuse
				Sikora v. Wenzel
		C. Custom
			1. Industry Custom
				The T.J. Hooper
			2. Personal Custom
				Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Wright
		D. Res Ipsa Loquitur
			Byrne v. Boadle
			Krebs v. Corrigan
	V. Recklessness as an Alternative Standard
		Mobil v. Ellender
5 CAUSATION
	I. Introduction
	II. Actual Cause
		A. The ?But-For? Test
			Cay v. Louisiana
			Lyons v. Midnight Sun Transportation Services
			East Texas Theatres, Inc. v. Rutledge
		B. Alternatives to But-For Causation
			1. Multiple Sufficient Independent Causes
				Kingston v. Chicago & Northwestern Railway
			2. Alternative Liability
				Summers v. Tice
				Burke v. Schaffner
			3. Modified Alternative Liability: Market Share
				Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories
			4. Increased Risk of Future Harm
				Temple-Inland Products Corp. v. Carter
			5. Loss of Chance
				Lord v. Lovett
	III. Proximate Cause
		A. Introduction
			Palsgraf v. Long Island Railway Co.
		B. The Direct Cause Test
			In re Polemis
			Laureano v. Louzoun
		C. The Foreseeability Test
			1. Whether the Type of Accident Was Within the Scope of the Risk
				Tieder v. Little
			2. Breach of Duty Does Not Necessarily Prove Proximate Cause
				Crankshaw v. Piedmont Driving Club
		D. The Substantial Factor Test
			1. Introduction to the Substantial Factor Test
				Brisboy v. Fibreboard Paper Products Corp.
			2. Substantial Factor as a Test for Proximate Cause
				American Truck Leasing, Inc. v. Thorne Equipment Co.
		E. Superseding vs. Intervening Causes
			Price v. Blaine Kern Artista, Inc.
			McCane-Sondock Protection Systems v. Emmittee
6 SPECIAL DUTY RULES
	I. Introduction
	II. Duty to Act
		A. Acts vs. Omissions
			1. No General Duty to Aid Others
				Yania v. Bigan
			2. When Acting, the Duty of Care Exists
				United States v. Lawter
			3. Special Relationships Compelling Action
				Lundy v. Adamar of New Jersey, Inc.
			4. Duty Ends at Expiration of Special Relationship
				Boyette v. Trans World Airlines, Inc.
		B. Rescuers
			1. The Rescue Doctrine
				McCoy v. American Suzuki Motor Corp.
			2. The Firefighter Rule
				Moody v. Delta Western
				Snellenberger v. Rodriguez
	III. Duty to Protect Third Parties from Another?s Harm
		A. Health Care Workers
			Emerich v. Philadelphia Center for Human Development
			Bradshaw v. Daniel, M.D.
		B. Employer-Employee Relationships
			Otis Engineering Corp. v. Clark
	IV. Duty Limited by the Nature of the Primary Harm
		A. Emotional Distress
			1. From Impact Rule to Zone of Danger
				Robb v. The Pennsylvania Railroad Co.
			2. From Zone of Danger to Dillon Rule of Foreseeability
				Dillon v. Legg
				Grotts v. Zahner
			3. Is There a General Duty Not to Cause Emotional Distress?
				Boyles v. Kerr
		B. ?Mere? Economic Harm
			532 Madison Avenue Gourmet Foods v. Finlandia Center, Inc.
		C. Wrongful Pregnancy, Wrongful Life, and Wrongful Birth
			1. Wrongful Pregnancy
				Johnson v. University Hospitals of Cleveland
			2. Wrongful Birth and Wrongful Life
				Nelson v. Krusen
	V. Duty Limited by Nature of the Activity: Primary Assumption of the Risk
		A. Introduction
		B. Inherent Risk
			Murphy v. Steeplechase Amusement Co., Inc.
		C. A More Refined Test for Inherent Risks
			Clover v. Snowbird Ski Resort
	VI. Duty Based Upon Victim?s Status
		A. Introduction
		B. Trespassers
			1. Adult Trespassers
				Ryals v. United States Steel Corp.
			2. Child Trespassers: The Attractive Nuisance Doctrine
				Bennett v. Stanley
		C. Licensees
			Knorpp v. Hale
		D. Invitees
			1. Time as a Trigger of Duty
				Richardson v. The Commodore
				Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Gonzalez
			2. Open and Obvious Dangers
				O?Sullivan v. Shaw
			3. Duty to Protect Invitees from Criminal Attack
				a. Actual Awareness of Danger
					Gould v. Taco Bell
				b. Foreseeable Risk of Danger
					Delta Tau Delta v. Johnson
		E. Modern Rejection of Three Categories
			Nelson v. Freeland
	VII. Duty Based Upon Defendant?s Status: Professionals
		A. The Professional Standard of Care
			1. Professional Custom
				Osborn v. Irwin Memorial Blood Bank
				Hodges v. Carter
			2. Who Is a Professional?
				Rossell v. Volkswagen of America
		B. Informed Consent
			Scott v. Bradford
		C. Limitations on a Professional?s Duty
			Barcelo, III v. Elliott
7 AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES
	I. Introduction
	II. Contributory Negligence and Comparative Fault
		A. Contributory Negligence
			Butterfield v. Forrester
			Harris v. Meadows
		B. The Comparative Fault Reform
			1. The Decision to Switch to Comparative Fault
				McIntyre v. Balentine
			2. The Apportionment Problem
				Sandford v. Chevrolet
			3. Multiple Tortfeasors in Modified Comparative Fault
				Beaudoin v. Texaco, Inc.
	III. Assumption of the Risk
		A. Express Assumption of the Risk
			1. Public Policy Hurdle
				Tunkl v. Regents of the University of California
			2. The Drafting Hurdle
				Alack v. Vic Tanny International of Missouri, Inc.
		B. Secondary Implied Assumption of the Risk
			1. Qualified Secondary Implied Assumption of the Risk
				Riddle v. Universal Sport Camp
			2. Unqualified Secondary Implied Assumption of the Risk
				Schroyer v. McNeal
			3. Does Comparative Fault Abolish Secondary Implied Assumption of the Risk?
				Davenport v. Cotton Hope Plantation Horizontal Property Regime
	IV. Immunities
		A. Sovereign Immunity
			1. The Federal Government
				Cestonaro v. United States
			2. State and Local Governments
				Campbell v. Indiana
		B. Spousal and Parental Immunity
			1. Spousal Immunity
				Price v. Price
			2. Parental Immunity
				Sandoval v. Sandoval
	V. Statutes of Limitation and Repose
		A. Statutes of Limitation
			1. Accrual of a Claim
				Crumpton v. Humana, Inc.
			2. The Legal Injury Rule and the Discovery Rule Exception
				S.V. v. R.V.
		B. Statutes of Repose
			Kern v. St. Joseph Hospital
8 DAMAGES
	I. Introduction
	II. Actual, Compensatory Damages
		A. Special (Economic) Damages
			Martin v. United States
		B. General (Noneconomic) Damages
			1. Review of Jury?s Award
				Miraglia v. H&L Holding Corp.
			2. Per Diem Awards
				Beagle v. Vasold
			3. Day in the Life Videos
				Donnellan v. First Student, Inc.
			4. Hedonic Damages
				McDougald v. Garber
		C. Wrongful Death and Survival Claims
			Jordan v. Baptist Three Rivers Hospital
		D. Property Damages
			Strickland v. Medlen
	III. Limitations on Actual Damages
		A. Failure to Mitigate Damages
			1. Failure to Mitigate as ?Fault?
				Miller v. Eichhorn
			2. Failure to Mitigate as a Damage Consideration
				Klanseck v. Anderson Sales & Service, Inc.
			3. Seat-Belt Defense
				Nabors Well Services v. Romero
		B. Collateral Source Rule
			Helfend v. Southern California Rapid Transit District
		C. Statutory Limits
			1. Examples of Statutory Limits
				California Civ. Code ?333.2
				Maryland Code Ann., Ct. & Jud. Proc. ?11-108
				Texas Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code ?74.301
				Texas Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code ?74.303
			2. Constitutionality of Limits on Actual Damages
				Samsel v. Wheeler Transport Services, Inc.
				Knowles v. United States
	IV. Nominal Damages
		Longenecker v. Zimmerman
	V. Punitive Damages
		A. When Civil Punishment Is Permitted
			1. Malicious Conduct
				Shugar v. Guill
			2. Corporate Liability for Reckless Conduct
				Mobil v. Ellender
		B. The Amount of Punitive Damages
			1. Due Process Limits
				State Farm Mutual v. Campbell
			2. Statutory Limits
9 APPORTIONMENT
	I. Introduction
	II. Joint and Several Liability
		Sitzes v. Anchor Motor Freight, Inc.
	III. Several Liability
		A. Rejection of Joint and Several Liability in Favor of Several Liability
			McIntyre v. Balentine
		B. Threshold Level Joint and Several Liability Statutes
			New Jersey Stat. ?2A:15-53
			Texas Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code ?33.013
			Hawaii Rev. Stat. ?663-10.9
		C. Apportionment with Absent or Immune Actors
			Sullivan v. Scoular Grain Co.
		D. Negligent Enabling
			Turner v. Jordan, M.D.
	IV. Equitable Doctrines Creating Joint Liability
		A. Introduction
		B. Vicarious Liability
			Trahan-Laroche v. Lockheed Sanders, Inc.
			1. Employees v. Independent Contractors
				Throop v. F.E. Young & Co.
			2. Course and Scope of Employment
				Fruit v. Equitable Life Assurance Society
		C. Concert of Action
			1. Conduct Creating Joint Liability
				Herman v. Wesgate
				Shinn v. Allen
				Kubert v. Best
			2. Extent of Liability for Acting in Concert
				American Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Grim
10 STRICT LIABILITY
	I. Introduction
	II. Unusually Dangerous Activities
		Exner v. Sherman Power Const. Co.
	III. Wild and Trespassing Animals
		Byram v. Main
		Clark v. Brings
11 PRODUCTS LIABILITY
	I. Introduction
	II. Historical Development and Adoption
		A. Limitations on Duty
			MacPherson v. Buick Motor Company
		B. Rejection of Fault or Contract Breach as Prerequisites to Recovery
			Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co. of Fresno
		C. Restatement (Second) ?402A (1965)
		D. Strict Liability Is for Product Sellers
			Amazon.com, Inc. v. McMillan
	III. Defects
		A. Manufacturing
			American Tobacco Co. v. Grinnell
		B. Design Defects
			1. The Consumer Expectation Test
				Sparks v. Owens-Illinois, Inc.
			2. The Risk Utility Test
				Dawson v. Chrysler Corp.
			3. The Alternative Feasible Design Requirement
				American Tobacco Co. v. Grinnell
			4. Comparing the Consumer Expectation and Risk Utility Tests
				Denny v. Ford Motor Co.
		C. Marketing Defects
			1. The Duty to Warn
				Richter v. Limax International
			2. Common Knowledge Exception
				American Tobacco Co. v. Grinnell
	IV. Defenses Arising Out of Plaintiff?s Misconduct
		A. Is Negligence a Defense to Strict Liability?
			Bowling v. Heil Co.
			Daly v. General Motors Corp.
		B. When, and How, Does Product Misuse Provide a Defense?
			Daniell v. Ford Motor Co.
			Hernandez v. Tokai Corp.
12 DEFAMATION
	I. Introduction
	II. Elements of Claim
		A. False and Defamatory Statements
			1. Early Application
				Burton v. Crowell Pub. Co.
			2. Modern Application
				Busch v. Viacom International
				Henderson v. Henderson
		B. Libel vs. Slander
			Agriss v. Roadway Express, Inc.
	III. Privileges
		A. Common Law
			Johnson v. Queenan
			Lester v. Powers
			Florida Stat. ?768.095
			Louisiana Rev. Stat. ?14.50
			Texas Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code ?73.002
			Texas Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code ?73.004
			Federal Communications Decency Act 47 U.S.C.A. ?230(c)
			Wisconsin Stat. Ann. ?895.05
		B. Constitutional Privilege
			1. Speech About Public Officials, Public Figures, and Public Matters
				Khawar v. Globe International, Inc.
			2. Private Matters
				Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
13 BUSINESS TORTS
	I. Introduction
	II. Fraud
		A. Misrepresentations
			1. Existing Facts or Opinions Based Upon Facts
				Trenholm v. Ratcliff
			2. Affirmative Acts of Concealment
				Lindberg Cadillac Co. v. Aron
			3. Promissory Fraud
				Smehlik v. Athletes and Artists, Inc.
		B. Justifiable Reliance
			Judd v. Walker
	III. Negligent Misrepresentation
		A. Introduction
			Staggs v. Sells
		B. Duty Revisited
			Bily v. Arthur Young & Co.
	IV. Tortious Interference with Contract
		A. Rejection of Negligent Interference
			State of Louisiana v. M/V Testbank
		B. Intentional Interference with Contract
			Lumley v. Gye
		C. Interference with Prospective Contractual Relations
			Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Sturges, III
	V. Distinguishing Tort vs. Contract Claims
		Southwestern Bell Telephone v. DeLanney
Table of Cases
Index