Tort Law

Cover......Page 1
Detailed contents......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 16
Preface to the fifth edition......Page 17
Preface to the fourth edition......Page 19
Table of cases......Page 23
Table of statutes, statutory instruments and conventions......Page 51
 1.1 THE FUNCTION OF TORT LAW......Page 54
 1.2 RIGHTS AND DUTIES......Page 55
 1.3 THE RANGE OF TORTS......Page 58
 1.4 TORTS AND WRONGS......Page 61
 1.5 THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING A VICTIM......Page 63
 1.6 THE LOSS COMPENSATION MODEL OF TORT LAW......Page 66
 1.7 THE RESIDUAL WRONGS MODEL OF TORT LAW......Page 69
 1.8 TORT LAW AND CONTRACT LAW......Page 70
 1.9 TORT LAW AND EQUITY......Page 72
 1.10 TORT LAW AND STATUTE LAW......Page 74
 1.11 TORT LAW AND CRIMINAL LAW......Page 76
 1.12 TORT LAW AND PROPERTY LAW......Page 77
 1.13 TORT LAW AND STRICT LIABILITY......Page 79
 1.14 INSURANCE......Page 80
 1.15 PAYING FOR TORT LAW......Page 83
 1.16 TORT LAW AS A FOREIGN COUNTRY......Page 85
 2.1 THE BASICS......Page 88
 2.2 CONDUCT REQUIREMENTS......Page 91
 2.3 FAULT REQUIREMENTS......Page 95
 2.4 CONSENT......Page 98
 2.5 NECESSITY......Page 103
 2.6 STATUTORY AUTHORITY......Page 112
 2.7 MISTAKES......Page 115
 2.8 REMEDIES......Page 119
 3.1 THE BASICS......Page 123
 3.2 DIRECT EFFECT......Page 128
 3.3 INDIRECT EFFECT......Page 139
 4.1 THE BASICS......Page 146
 4.2 NEGLIGENCE AND INTENTION......Page 147
 4.3 NEGLIGENCE AND OTHER WRONGS......Page 148
 4.4 REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE......Page 151
 5.1 THE BASICS......Page 153
 5.2 DUTY OF CARE TESTS......Page 158
 5.3 DUTY OF CARE FACTORS......Page 162
 5.4 DUTY-SCEPTICISM......Page 174
 5.5 RISK AND HARM......Page 176
6 Duty of care – acts......Page 179
 6.1 THE BASICS......Page 180
 6.2 PHYSICAL INJURY (1): THE BASIC RULE......Page 184
 6.3 PHYSICAL INJURY (2): HARM CAUSED BY A THIRD PARTY......Page 192
 6.4 PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS (1): GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN ACCIDENT CASES......Page 195
 6.5 PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS (2): THE CASE LAW ON ACCIDENT CASES......Page 198
 6.6 PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS (3): NON-ACCIDENT CASES......Page 206
 6.7 PURE DISTRESS......Page 213
 6.8 WILKINSON v DOWNTON......Page 216
 6.9 HARM TO PROPERTY......Page 218
 6.10 PURE ECONOMIC LOSS (1): HEDLEY BYRNE – THE BASIC PRINCIPLE......Page 228
 6.11 PURE ECONOMIC LOSS (2): HEDLEY BYRNE – THE EXTENDED PRINCIPLE......Page 237
 6.12 PURE ECONOMIC LOSS (3): HEDLEY BYRNE – TWO MISCONCEPTIONS......Page 244
 6.13 PURE ECONOMIC LOSS (4): SOME DIFFICULT CASES......Page 245
 6.14 PURE ECONOMIC LOSS (5): EXPLANATION OF THE DIFFICULT CASES......Page 253
 7.1 THE BASICS......Page 265
 7.2 ASSUMPTION OF RESPONSIBILITY......Page 282
 7.3 CREATION OF DANGER......Page 286
 7.4 INTERFERENCE......Page 292
 7.5 CONTROL......Page 296
 7.6 OCCUPIERS......Page 298
 7.7 LANDLORDS......Page 299
 7.8 EMPLOYERS......Page 300
 7.9 BAILEES......Page 301
 7.11 CHILD CARERS......Page 302
 8.1 THE BASICS......Page 308
 8.2 OBJECTIVITY......Page 312
 8.3 BALANCING......Page 317
 8.4 COMMON PRACTICE......Page 321
 8.5 PUBLIC POWERS......Page 323
 8.6 BREACH THROUGH OTHERS......Page 325
 8.7 PROOF......Page 333
 9.1 THE BASICS......Page 336
 9.2 THE ‘BUT FOR’ TEST......Page 340
 9.3 DIVISIBLE AND INDIVISIBLE HARM......Page 344
 9.4 EVIDENTIAL DIFFICULTIES (1): THE STANDARD APPROACH......Page 346
 9.5 EVIDENTIAL DIFFICULTIES (2): THE FAIRCHILD EXCEPTION......Page 350
 9.6 EVIDENTIAL DIFFICULTIES (3): LOSS OF A CHANCE CASES......Page 357
 9.7 GREGG v SCOTT......Page 361
 9.8 OVERDETERMINATION......Page 365
 9.9 ANOTHER SOLUTION TO OVERDETERMINATION?......Page 369
 9.10 COINCIDENCES......Page 371
 9.11 COINCIDENTAL OVERDETERMINATION......Page 374
 9.12 BREAK IN THE CHAIN OF CAUSATION......Page 376
 9.13 ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO CAUSATION......Page 382
 9.14 FACT AND POLICY......Page 390
 10.1 THE BASICS......Page 393
 10.2 REMOTENESS OF DAMAGE......Page 395
 10.3 SCOPE OF DUTY......Page 404
 10.4 THE SAAMCO PRINCIPLE......Page 407
 10.5 WRONGFUL PREGNANCY/BIRTH......Page 411
 10.6 MITIGATION......Page 416
 10.7 NO DOUBLE RECOVERY......Page 418
 10.8 PUBLIC POLICY......Page 419
 11.1 THE BASICS......Page 423
 11.2 OCCUPIERS’ LIABILITY ACT 1957......Page 425
 11.3 OCCUPIERS’ LIABILITY ACT 1984......Page 432
 11.4 WARNINGS, DISCLAIMERS, EXCLUSIONS......Page 435
 11.5 LIABILITY UNDER THE GENERAL LAW OF NEGLIGENCE......Page 441
 12.1 THE BASICS......Page 446
 12.2 PRODUCT......Page 448
 12.3 DEFECT......Page 449
 12.4 DEFENDANTS......Page 452
 12.5 DAMAGE......Page 453
 12.6 DEFENCES......Page 455
 12.7 REMEDIES......Page 458
 12.8 DISCUSSION......Page 459
 13.1 THE BASICS......Page 464
 13.2 SECTION 2(2)......Page 466
 13.3 DEFENCES......Page 471
 14.1 THE BASICS......Page 473
 14.2 CONDUCT REQUIREMENTS......Page 474
 14.3 INTENTION AND FAULT......Page 476
 14.4 DEFENCES......Page 477
 14.5 TITLE TO SUE......Page 479
 14.6 REMEDIES......Page 481
 15.1 THE BASICS......Page 484
 15.2 WAYS OF COMMITTING THE TORT......Page 485
 15.3 EMANATION CASES (1): ESTABLISHING AN INTERFERENCE......Page 488
 15.4 EMANATION CASES (2): REASONABLE INTERFERENCES......Page 492
 15.5 EMANATION CASES (3): ESTABLISHING AN UNREASONABLE INTERFERENCE......Page 500
 15.7 OBSTRUCTION CASES......Page 505
 15.8 AFFRONT CASES......Page 509
 15.9 RESPONSIBILITY......Page 510
 15.10 DEFENCES......Page 517
 15.11 TITLE TO SUE......Page 521
 15.12 REMEDIES......Page 527
 15.13 PECULIAR FORMS OF THE TORT......Page 535
 16.1 THE BASICS......Page 537
 16.2 RATIONALE......Page 539
 16.3 SCOPE OF LIABILITY......Page 542
 16.4 STRICT LIABILITY?......Page 549
 16.5 REMEDIES......Page 551
 16.6 ANALOGOUS LIABILITY RULES......Page 552
 17.1 THE BASICS......Page 556
 17.2 SOME KEY CONCEPTS......Page 558
 17.3 CONVERSION......Page 565
 17.4 TRESPASS TO GOODS......Page 571
 17.5 BAILMENT......Page 574
 17.6 REMEDIES......Page 575
 18.1 THE BASICS......Page 579
 18.2 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY......Page 582
 18.3 GOODWILL......Page 584
 18.4 CONTRACTUAL RIGHTS......Page 587
 18.5 VIRTUAL PROPERTY......Page 590
 19.1 THE BASICS......Page 592
 19.2 WHAT IS DEFAMATORY?......Page 599
 19.3 REFERENCE TO THE CLAIMANT......Page 605
 19.4 PUBLICATION TO A THIRD PARTY......Page 608
 19.5 TITLE TO SUE......Page 614
 19.7 TRUTH......Page 617
 19.8 HONEST OPINION......Page 620
 19.9 ABSOLUTE PRIVILEGE......Page 625
 19.10 QUALIFIED PRIVILEGE......Page 628
 19.11 PUBLIC INTEREST......Page 633
 19.12 OTHER DEFENCES......Page 639
 19.13 REMEDIES......Page 642
 19.14 OPTIONS FOR REFORM......Page 644
 20.1 THE BASICS......Page 650
 20.2 PROTECTION FROM HARASSMENT ACT 1997......Page 651
 20.3 EQUALITY ACT 2010......Page 657
 21.1 THE BASICS......Page 660
 21.2 WRONGFUL DISCLOSURE OF PRIVATE INFORMATION......Page 662
 21.3 PRIVATE INFORMATION......Page 665
 21.4 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION......Page 677
 21.5 STRIKING THE BALANCE......Page 683
 21.6 FAULT ELEMENTS......Page 685
 21.7 WRONGFULLY OBTAINING ACCESS TO PRIVATE INFORMATION......Page 686
 21.8 REMEDIES......Page 689
 21.9 CASES NOT INVOLVING WRONGFUL DISCLOSURE OR ACCESS......Page 693
 22.1 THE BASICS......Page 698
 22.2 RESOLVING HARD CASES......Page 702
 22.3 HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK......Page 706
 22.4 HIGHWAYS......Page 707
 22.5 DEFECTIVE PREMISES......Page 708
 22.6 EQUALITY ACT 2010......Page 709
 23.1 THE BASICS......Page 711
 23.2 UNREASONABLE INTERFERENCE......Page 713
 23.3 RESPONSIBILITY......Page 720
 23.4 SPECIAL DAMAGE......Page 723
 24.1 THE BASICS......Page 727
 24.2 INDUCING A BREACH OF CONTRACT......Page 732
 24.3 ANALOGOUS TORTS......Page 744
 24.4 INTENTIONALLY CAUSING LOSS BY UNLAWFUL MEANS......Page 745
 24.5 TWO-PARTY CASES......Page 754
 24.6 LAWFUL MEANS CONSPIRACY......Page 755
 24.7 UNLAWFUL MEANS CONSPIRACY......Page 760
 24.8 DECEIT......Page 765
 24.9 MALICIOUS FALSEHOOD......Page 769
 24.10 RECOVERABLE HARM......Page 771
 25.1 THE BASICS......Page 777
 25.2 MALICIOUS PROSECUTION......Page 778
 25.3 MALICIOUS OR ABUSIVE CIVIL PROCEEDINGS......Page 780
 25.4 MISFEASANCE IN PUBLIC OFFICE......Page 782
 26.1 THE BASICS......Page 788
 26.2 LACK OF CAPACITY......Page 789
 26.3 ACT OF STATE......Page 791
 26.4 SOVEREIGN AND DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITY......Page 792
 26.6 WITNESS IMMUNITY......Page 793
 26.7 ABUSE OF PROCESS......Page 795
 26.9 VOLENTI NON FIT INJURIA......Page 797
 26.10 EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY......Page 800
 26.11 ILLEGALITY (1): THE COMMON LAW......Page 802
 26.12 ILLEGALITY (2): STATUTE......Page 810
 26.14 LIMITATION......Page 812
 26.16 THE IMPACT OF ARTICLE 6 OF THE ECHR......Page 816
 27.1 THE BASICS......Page 822
 27.2 REASONS......Page 823
 27.3 THEORIES......Page 824
 28.1 THE BASICS......Page 826
 28.2 TECHNIQUES......Page 827
 28.3 ASSESSMENT......Page 830
 28.4 REDUCTION (1): RECEIPT OF BENEFIT......Page 837
 28.5 REDUCTION (2): CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE......Page 845
 28.6 THIRD-PARTY LOSSES......Page 852
 28.7 THEORIES......Page 854
 29.2 REQUIREMENTS......Page 861
 29.3 THEORIES......Page 864
 30.1 THE BASICS......Page 867
 30.2 REQUIREMENTS......Page 868
 30.3 FURTHER POINTS......Page 872
 30.4 REFORM......Page 874
 31.1 THE BASICS......Page 877
 31.2 DISGORGEMENT DAMAGES......Page 880
 31.3 LICENCE FEE DAMAGES......Page 888
 32.1 THE BASICS......Page 892
 32.2 EXAMPLES?......Page 894
 32.3 THE LUMBA DECISION......Page 899
 32.4 THE FUTURE......Page 901
 33.1 THE BASICS......Page 904
 33.2 CLASSIFICATION OF INJUNCTIONS......Page 905
 33.3 WHEN WILL AN INTERIM INJUNCTION BE GRANTED?......Page 906
 33.4 WHEN WILL A FINAL INJUNCTION BE GRANTED?......Page 910
 33.5 REFORM......Page 914
 34.1 THE BASICS......Page 918
 34.3 THE PARASITICAL NATURE OF WRONGFUL DEATH CLAIMS......Page 919
 34.4 LOSS OF SUPPORT......Page 920
 34.7 LIMITATION......Page 926
 34.8 NON-WRONGFUL DEATH......Page 927
 35.2 CONGENITAL DISABILITIES......Page 928
 35.3 RECOVERY OF STATE LOSSES......Page 931
 35.4 THE PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFERRED LOSS......Page 932
 36.1 THE BASICS......Page 934
 36.2 REQUIREMENTS......Page 935
 36.3 LIMITS......Page 937
 37.1 THE BASICS......Page 939
 37.2 SITUATIONS OF VICARIOUS LIABILITY......Page 942
 37.3 WHO IS AN EMPLOYEE?......Page 943
 37.4 THE SALMOND TEST......Page 947
 37.5 THE LISTER TEST......Page 951
 37.6 VICARIOUS LIABILITY FOR NON-EMPLOYEES......Page 958
 37.7 THEORIES OF VICARIOUS LIABILITY......Page 961
 37.8 TWO FINAL POINTS......Page 966
 38.2 FEATURES OF LOSS COMPENSATION SCHEMES......Page 969
 38.3 FOUR LOSS COMPENSATION SCHEMES......Page 971
 38.4 EVALUATION OF LOSS COMPENSATION SCHEMES......Page 975
Bibliography......Page 980
Index of problems......Page 997
Index......Page 998