Tools, Techniques and Protocols for Monitoring Environmental Contaminants

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TOOLS, TECHNIQUES
AND PROTOCOLS
FOR MONITORING
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTAMINANTS
Copyright
Contributors
Part 1: Overview of environmental monitoring methodology
1
An overview of analytical methodologies for environmental monitoring
	Introduction
	Conventional techniques for the detection, identification, and quantification of ECs
		Chromatography-based methods
			GC and GC-MS
			LC and LC-MS
		Immunochemical techniques
	Biosensors for the detection, identification, and quantification of ECs
		Aptasensors for detection of emerging contaminants
		Enzyme and whole cell biosensors
		Immunosensors
		Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) biosensors
		Nanomaterial-based biosensors
	Conclusion
	References
2
A perspective of advanced biosensors for environmental monitoring
	Introduction
	Classification of biosensors
	Electrochemical biosensors
	Amperometric biosensors
	Potentiometric biosensors
	Conductometric biosensors
	Optical sensors
	Bioluminescence biosensors
	Nano biosensors: The merging of nanotechnology with biotechnology
	Biosynthesis of semiconductor material-based nanobiosensors
	Fluorescence biosensors
	Colorimetric detection
	Scope and need for advanced biosensors
	Conclusion and future perspectives
	References
	Further reading
3
An overview of sensitivity and selectivity of biosensors for environmental applications
	Introduction
		Historical development of environmental biosensors and their sensitivity
			First and second generation of biosensors
			Third-generation biosensors
	Environmental contaminants or pollutants
		Existing and emerging waterborne pollutants
		Existing and emerging soil-related pollutants
	Importance and scope of biosensor sensitivity in environmental monitoring
	Recent developments in biosensors with superior sensitivity and selectivity
		Development in detection, reliability, validity, and time
			Reliability
			Validity
			Detection time
	Specificity and selectiveness of modern biosensors for particular contaminants
		Bacterial and other pathogenic contaminants
		Heavy metals
		Organophosphates
		Organic compounds
	Recent advances in biosensors technology
	Current trends for use of biosensors for environmental monitoring
		Biological oxygen demand biosensors
		Heavy metal sensors
		Phenolic compound detection
		Nitrogen compound detection
		Economics of newly developed biosensors as compared to traditional techniques
		Scope for development of biosensors
	References
	Further reading
4
Potential applications of advanced biosensor systems for the real-time monitoring of wastewater treatment plants
	Introduction
	Wastewater contaminants
		Contaminants and associated problems
		Discontinuous/traditional methods of WWTP monitoring and their limitations
	Biosensor tools and technology for WWTPs
	Advanced biosensors for real-time monitoring of WWTPs
		Microbial cell-based biosensor
		Protein/enzyme/immune biosensor
		Aptamer-based biosensor
	Examples of advanced techniques for real-time monitoring of wastewater contaminants
		Detection of viral and bacterial contaminants
		Pollutant-based biosensor
		BOD monitoring
	Conclusions and future outlook
	References
Part 2: DNA, RNA and aptamer based techniques
5
An overview of DNA/RNA-based monitoring tools and biosensors: Benefits and applications in the environmental t ...
	Introduction
	Nucleic acid-based biosensor
		DNA/RNA aptamers as molecular recognition elements
		DNA/RNA aptamers specific for pesticides and toxins
	Overview of detection methods in aptamer-based biosensor
		Optical
			Fluorescence
			Colorimetric
			Surface plasmon resonance
			Other
		Electrochemical
			Label
			Label free
	Highlights on the recent advancement in aptamer-based biosensor
	Conclusion and future perspectives
	References
6
Advances in the oligonucleotide-based sensor technology for detection of pharmaceutical contaminants in the environment
	Introduction
		Pharmaceutical contamination: An emerging public health issue
		Oligonucleotides: A specific detection probe for pharmaceutical contaminants
	Oligonucleotide-based sensors/biosensors for pharmaceutical contaminants
		Selection of specific oligonucleotides as a recognition probe in sensing devices
		Oligo-based biosensor design
			Electrochemical-based sensing platforms
			Optical sensors/biosensors for pharmaceutical detection
			Application of nanomaterials for enhancing pharmaceutical detection
	Future perspective and challenges
	References
	Further reading
7
Recent advances in oligonucleotidebased sensor technology for detection of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) in the env ...
	Overview of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their importance
	EDCs in the environment
	Overview of oligonucleotide-based sensor technology and their importance and developments in perspective of EDCs monitoring
	Research developments in use of oligonucleotide-based sensor technology for EDCs monitoring
		Artificial nucleotides
	Aptamer-based sensors for EDCs monitoring
		Detection method of 17β-estradiol
		Detection of BPA
	Technical challenges and future perspectives
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
8
Advances in the oligonucleotide-based biosensors for the detection of heavy metal contaminants in the environment
	Introduction
	Disadvantages/drawbacks of current methods for the detection of heavy metal contaminants in the environment, economic  ...
		Enzyme-based sensors
		Antibody-based sensors
		Whole cell-based sensors
		Recombinant technology-based whole cell sensors
	Disadvantages/drawbacks of current methods of heavy metal ion analysis
	Scope and advantages of oligonucleotide-based sensor technology
		DNAzymes
		Aptamers
			DNA aptamers
			Peptide aptamers
	Applications of oligonucleotide-based sensor technology
	Conclusion and future perspectives
	References
Part 3: Protein/metabolite based techniques (DNAzymes, aptazymes, enzymes, antibody, etc.)
9
An overview of protein/metabolite based advances in monitoring tools and biosensors: Benefits and application  ...
	Introduction
	Diverse bio-recognition molecules in biosensors
		Enzymes and immobilization methods
			Adsorption
			Entrapment
			Covalent coupling
			Cross-linking
		Antibody
		Whole cells
		Organelle based
	Detection of environmental pollutants
		Phenols
		Organophosphorus compounds
		Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC)
		Heavy metals and ions
		Other hazardous compounds
	Future prospective and challenges in environmental biosensors
	References
10
Advances in protein/enzyme-based biosensors for the detection of pharmaceutical contaminants in the environment
	Introduction
	Conventional analytical methods for the detection of pharmaceuticals in the environment
		Limitations of conventional analytical methods for the detection of pharmaceuticals
	Biosensors
		Characteristics of a biosensor
		Enzyme- and antibody-based biosensors
	Application of enzyme/antibody-based biosensors for the detection of pharmaceutical contaminants in environment
	Conclusion
	References
11
Advances in protein/enzyme-based biosensors for the detection of pesticide contaminants in the environment
	Introduction
	Disadvantages/drawbacks of current methods for detection of pesticide contaminants in the environment
	Reliability of current methods for detection of pesticide contaminants in the environment
	Scope of protein/enzyme-based sensor technology for monitoring pesticide contaminants; economic feasibility, time, and ...
	Applications of protein/enzyme-based sensor technology for detection of pesticide contaminants in the environment
	Conclusions
	References
	Further reading
12
Advances in protein/enzyme-based biosensors for the detection of metal contaminants in the environment
	Introduction
	Metallo-polypeptides
	Effect of metal-peptide binding on polypeptide structure
	Enzymes and proteins with potential as metal biosensors
	Inhibitors and interferences on metal-polypeptide binding
	Recent progress in polypeptide-based biosensors
	Advantages of polypeptide-based biosensors
	Trends in the development and use of polypeptide-based metallic sensors
	Conclusions
	References
13
Advances in whole cell-based biosensors in environmental monitoring
	Introduction
	Fabrication of the whole cell-based biosensor
		Selection of types of cells
		Role of reporter gene
		Immobilization of microbial cells
		Transducer-The way of sensing and analysis
	Biosensor for environmental monitoring
		BOD-A method of organic load measurement
		Detection of heavy metals
		Toxicity assessment using eukaryotic system
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
14
Advances in antibody-based biosensors in environmental monitoring
	Introduction
	Antibody-based sensor technology in environmental monitoring of pathogens and emerging contaminants; economic feasibil ...
	Benefits of antibody-based sensor technology in environmental monitoring (pathogens and emerging contaminants) over ot ...
	Applications of antibody-based sensor technology (examples of recent development)
		Limit of detection
		Multianalyte detection
		Immobilization approaches
		Transducers selection for antibody-based sensors
		Regeneration of antibody-based sensors
	Pathogen detection methods for antibody-based biosensors
	Discussions of the trends
	Conclusions
	References
15
An overview of enzyme-based biosensors for environmental monitoring
	Introduction
	Environmental contaminants
		Water system
		Soil system
	Conventional monitoring system
	Enzyme-based system to detect environmental contaminants
		Oxidoreductase
		Hydrolase
		Isomerase
		Transferase
		Lyase
		Ligase
		Principle of enzyme-based sensor
	Applications of enzyme-based biosensor in environmental monitoring of water and soil-based contaminants
		Inorganic compounds (heavy metals)
		Organophosphates
		Phenolic compounds
		Pharmaceuticals
	Feasibility analysis of enzyme-based biosensor systems in environmental monitoring
	Future prospect
	References
Part 4: Synthetic polymer/other methods
16
An overview of synthetic polymer-based advanced monitoring tools and sensors: Benefits and applications in environmental t ...
	Introduction
		An overview of synthetic polymer-based advanced monitoring tools and sensors
		Evolution of separation from silica particles era to ``smart´´ polymers
	Molecular imprinted polymer nanomaterials
		The emerging global pesticides contamination crisis
		MIP-based platforms
		MIP integrated electrochemical sensors for pesticide detection
		Highly integrated MIP photonic sensors
		MIPs and heavy metals detection
	Conclusions and future directions
	References
17
Molecular imprinted polymer-based biosensors for the detection of pharmaceutical contaminants in the environment
	Introduction
	Templates and their physiological compatibility
	MIP sensors for pharmaceuticals in environmental matrices
	Potential MIP sensors for pharmaceuticals in other relevant matrices
	Conclusion and future prospects
	References
	Further reading
18
Recent advances in nanomaterial-based sensors as tool for environmental monitoring
	Introduction
	NM-based monitoring systems
		Metal NM-based sensors
			Gold nanoparticles
			Silver nanoparticles
			Platinum and palladium nanoparticles
			Metal nanoclusters
		Carbon material-based sensors
		Other NM-based sensors
	Conclusions and future perspectives
	References
Index
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	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
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