Tobacco or Health?: Physiological and Social Damages Caused by Tobacco Smoking

Cover......Page 1
ISBN: 978-3-540-87576-5......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
 1.2 Use of Tobacco for Religious Purposes......Page 14
 1.3 The Appropriation of Tobacco by Europeans......Page 15
 1.4 Worldwide Spread of Tobacco......Page 16
  1.4.2 Development of the Cigarette......Page 18
 1.5 Objections to Smoking on Health Grounds......Page 20
 1.6 Women Won Over by the Cigarette......Page 21
 1.8 Tobacco Research in the Twentieth Century......Page 25
 1.9 Concluding Remarks......Page 27
 References......Page 28
Epidemiology of Tobacco Dependence......Page 30
 2.1 Tobacco Consumption in the Twentieth Century......Page 31
 2.2 Cigarette Smoking in the USA Since 1965......Page 32
 2.3 Smoking Habits in Germany......Page 33
 2.4 Cigarette-Related Mortality in Different Countries......Page 35
 2.5 Other Forms of Tobacco Use......Page 38
 2.6  Smokers and Other Risk Factors......Page 40
 2.7 Smoking Behaviour and Educational Level in the EU......Page 41
 References......Page 43
 3.1 Non-Disclosure of Findings by the Tobacco Industry......Page 47
 3.2 Constituents of  Tobacco......Page 48
 3.3 Nicotine and Dependence......Page 52
  3.3.2 Modifications of Nicotine Release......Page 53
  3.3.3 Maintaining Nicotine Dependence......Page 54
  3.3.5 Compensatory Behaviour by Smokers......Page 55
  3.3.6 Optimising Nicotine Release......Page 56
  3.3.8 Ammonium and pH Manipulation......Page 57
 3.4 Tobacco Additives......Page 58
 3.5 Cigarettes with Reduced Tar Yield......Page 60
 3.6 Snuff Tobacco......Page 62
 Box 3.2......Page 63
 Box 3.3   Non-volatile nitrosamines in tobacco: NSAR N-nitrosarcosine; NMPA 3-(N-nitroso-N-methylamino)-propionic acid......Page 64
 3.7  Concluding Remarks......Page 67
 References......Page 68
 4.1 The Nicotine Receptor......Page 73
 4.2 Agonists and Antagonists of the nAChR and its Subtypes......Page 77
  4.3.1 Effects of Nicotine on Receptors in Different Organs......Page 78
  4.3.2 Organ Effects and Toxicity......Page 79
  4.3.4 Central Nervous System Effects of Nicotine......Page 80
 4.4 Pharmacokinetics of Nicotine......Page 81
  4.5.1 Types of Dependence......Page 85
  4.5.2 Molecular Biological Aspects of Dependence......Page 87
  4.5.3 Genetic Aspects......Page 89
  4.5.4 Withdrawal Symptoms......Page 91
 References......Page 92
 5.1 Immunological Reactions Caused by Cigarette Smoking......Page 99
 5.2 Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer......Page 100
  5.2.1 Association Between Smoking and Lung Cancer......Page 102
  5.2.2 Types of Lung Cancer......Page 103
   5.2.3.1 Tobacco-Specific Carcinogens......Page 105
   5.2.3.2 The Cytochrome P450 and GST System and Carcinogenesis......Page 106
   5.2.3.3 Peptide Receptors, a1-Antitrypsin and Carcinogenesis......Page 109
   5.2.3.4 Exogenous Factors and Lung Cancer......Page 110
 5.3 Cigarette Smoking and COPD......Page 111
  5.3.1 Pathophysiology of COPD......Page 112
   5.3.2.2 Occupational and Environmental Factors......Page 114
  5.4.2 Cigarette Smoking and Bronchial Asthma in Adults......Page 115
  5.4.3 Bronchial Asthma in Children......Page 116
 5.5 Bronchitis and Pneumonia......Page 118
 5.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 119
 References......Page 120
 6.1 Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Infarction......Page 131
 6.2 Systemic Vascular Changes......Page 135
  6.2.1 Regulation of Vascular Tone......Page 137
  6.2.2 Changes in Endothelial Function and Microcirculation......Page 141
  6.2.3 Microcirculation and O2 Supply......Page 142
  6.2.4 Arteriosclerotic and Inflammatory Vascular Reactions......Page 146
 6.3  Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis......Page 147
  6.3.2 Nicotine and Ischaemic Heart Disease......Page 148
 6.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 149
 Reference......Page 150
 7.1 Central Nervous System......Page 161
  7.1.1 Cognitive Impairment......Page 162
  7.1.2 Influence on Cognitive Performance......Page 163
  7.1.3 Intellectual Impairment in Childhood......Page 164
  7.1.4 Smoker Personality Profiles and Genetic Inheritance of Smoking......Page 166
   7.1.5.1 Smoking Prevalence......Page 167
   7.1.5.3 Reasons for Increased Cigarette Consumption......Page 168
   7.1.6.1 Prevalence......Page 169
   7.1.6.3 Extent of Cigarette Consumption......Page 170
  7.1.7 Effects of Smoking in Forms of Dementia......Page 171
  7.1.8 Smoking and Parkinson’s Disease......Page 172
  7.2.1 Diabetic Retinopathy......Page 173
  7.2.2 Cataract and Lens Opacity......Page 174
  7.2.4 Macular Degeneration......Page 175
   7.2.7 Ocular Tumours......Page 176
  7.3.2 Changes in the Oral Cavity......Page 177
  7.3.3 Oral and Laryngeal Cancer......Page 178
  7.4.1 Lipid and Cholesterol Metabolism......Page 179
  7.4.2 Diabetes and Smoking......Page 181
   7.4.2.2 Diabetic Nephropathy......Page 182
  7.5.1 Oesophageal Cancer......Page 185
  7.5.2 Gastrointestinal Ulcers......Page 186
  7.5.4 Pancreatic Cancer......Page 187
 7.6 Urinary Tract Diseases......Page 188
  7.6.1 Toxic Substances and Inducers......Page 189
  7.6.2 Kidney Cancer......Page 190
  7.6.4 Cancer of the Cervix......Page 191
  7.6.5 Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostatic Cancer......Page 192
  7.6.6 Fertility Disorders......Page 193
  7.7.1 Vitamin D and Oestrogen Metabolism......Page 194
  7.7.2 Osteoporosis......Page 195
 7.8 Skin and Mucosa......Page 197
  7.8.1 Skin Changes......Page 198
  7.8.2 Psoriasis......Page 199
  7.8.4 Breast Cancer......Page 200
 7.9 Haematopoietic System......Page 201
 References......Page 203
Smoking and Pregnancy......Page 233
 8.1 Effects of Smoking on the Placenta......Page 234
 8.2 Complications of Pregnancy......Page 236
 8.3 Malformations Possibly Caused by Smoking......Page 239
 8.4 Smoking and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)......Page 242
 8.5 Foetotoxic Effects of CO......Page 244
 8.6 Effects of Nicotine on the Foetus......Page 245
 8.7 Smoking and Breast-feeding......Page 246
 8.9 Concluding Remarks......Page 248
 References......Page 249
Passive Smoking......Page 259
 9.1 ETS in the Workplace and at Home......Page 262
 9.2 Changes at the Molecular and Cellular Level......Page 264
  9.2.3 Endothelium and Platelets......Page 265
  9.2.4 Markers of Inflammation......Page 266
 9.3 Passive Smoking During and After Pregnancy......Page 268
  9.4.1 Coronary Heart Disease......Page 270
  9.4.2 Arteriosclerosis......Page 272
  9.4.3 Stroke and Subarachnoid Haemorrhage......Page 274
  9.5.1 Respiratory Tract in Children and Teenagers......Page 275
  9.5.2 Bronchial Carcinoma......Page 279
 9.6 Complications of Anaesthesia......Page 282
 9.7 Otitis Media......Page 283
 9.9 Breast Cancer......Page 285
 9.10 Psychosocial Changes......Page 286
 9.11 Concluding Remarks......Page 287
 References......Page 288
Non-Drug Treatments to Promote Smoking Cessation......Page 301
 10.1 Indications and Diagnostic Considerations......Page 303
 10.2 Objective of Treatment......Page 304
 10.3 Self-Help Interventions by the Smoker......Page 305
 10.4 Physician Advice for Smoking Cessation......Page 307
 10.6 Group Behaviour Therapy Programmes......Page 309
 10.7 Aversion Therapy......Page 310
 10.8  Mass Media Communication Strategies......Page 311
 10.10 Acupuncture......Page 314
 10.12 Pregnancy......Page 315
 10.14 Concluding Remarks......Page 316
 References......Page 317
 11.1 Nicotine......Page 322
  11.1.1 Evaluation of Nicotine Products......Page 325
  11.1.2  Nicotine Chewing Gum......Page 326
  11.1.3 Nicotine Patch......Page 327
  11.1.5 Nicotine Nasal Spray......Page 328
  11.1.7 Nicotine Lozenge......Page 329
  11.1.8 Treatment and Dosage......Page 330
   11.1.9.1 Nicotine Chewing Gum......Page 332
   11.1.9.2 Nicotine Patch......Page 333
   11.1.9.4 Nicotine Inhaler......Page 334
  11.1.11 Drug Interactions During Smoking Cessation......Page 335
  11.1.13 Nicotine Formulations as OTC Products......Page 336
  11.2.1 Pharmacodynamics......Page 339
  11.2.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties......Page 340
  11.2.3 Therapeutic Efficacy......Page 341
  11.2.4 Dosage......Page 342
  11.2.5 Adverse Effects......Page 343
  11.2.7 Summary......Page 344
  11.3.1 Varenicline......Page 345
  11.3.3 Clonidine......Page 346
  11.3.6 Buspirone......Page 347
  11.3.8 Various Antidepressants......Page 348
  11.3.10 Lobeline......Page 349
 11.4 Therapeutic Monitoring in Smoking Cessation......Page 350
  11.5.1 Ischaemic Heart Disease......Page 351
  11.5.2 Pregnancy......Page 352
  11.5.5 Organic Depression and Schizophrenia......Page 353
   11.5.5.1 Organic Depression......Page 354
   11.5.5.3 Interactions Between Cigarette Smoking and Administration of Psychopharmaceuticals......Page 355
  11.5.6 Pre-operative Smoking Cessation......Page 356
 11.6 Concluding Remarks......Page 357
 References......Page 358
Primary Prevention......Page 370
 12.1 Smoking Initiation......Page 371
 12.2 Reasons for Smoking......Page 373
 12.3 Primary Prevention Programmes......Page 374
  12.3.1 Prevention Programmes for Schools......Page 375
 12.4  “Be Smart: Don’t Start”......Page 378
 12.5 Class 2000 Health Promotion Programme......Page 381
 12.7 Long-Term Studies......Page 382
 12.8 Role of Teachers in Primary Prevention......Page 384
 12.9 Prevention by Restricting Sales of Tobacco Products to Minors......Page 385
 12.10 Role of the Mass Media in Sales of Tobacco Products to Adolescents......Page 387
 12.11 Role of Government and Community in Primary Prevention......Page 389
 12.12 Concluding Remarks......Page 390
 References......Page 391
Tobacco Industry, Advertising and Advertising Bans......Page 397
 13.1 Tobacco Advertising Strategies......Page 398
 13.2 Advertising Messages......Page 402
 13.3 Effect of Tobacco Industry Advertising Messages......Page 403
 13.4 Tobacco Advertising and Adolescent Smoking Initiation......Page 406
 13.5 Advertising with “Light” Cigarettes......Page 408
 13.6 Tobacco Smuggling......Page 409
 13.7 Effect of Advertising Bans......Page 411
 13.8 Smoking Bans in Public Buildings and Public Spaces......Page 413
 References......Page 414
Society, Politics and the Tobacco Industry......Page 420
 14.1 Tobacco Industry, Governmental and Non-governmental Organisations......Page 421
 14.2 Politicians and Their Attitude to Smoking......Page 423
 14.3 Scientists and the Tobacco Industry......Page 424
 14.4 “Subsidised” Tobacco Growing......Page 425
 14.5 Governmental Control of Toxic Tobacco Constituents......Page 427
 14.6 Tobacco Taxes......Page 428
 14.7 Regulations on Smoking......Page 429
 14.8 Bans on Advertising in Various Countries......Page 431
 14.9  Tobacco Industry: Playing Down the Risks of Smoking and Passive Smoking......Page 432
 14.10 Smoking and Non-smoking: Weighing the Benefits......Page 433
 14.11  Concluding Remarks......Page 435
 References......Page 436
 15.1 Treatment Strategy......Page 441
 15.2 The Counselling Process......Page 442
 15.3 Experiences with Outpatient Smoker Counselling......Page 443
 15.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 444
Index......Page 453