Tobacco Control Policy Analysis In China (Series on Contemporary China)

Contents......Page 14
Foreward......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
List of Contribution......Page 18
1. Introduction Teh-wei Hu......Page 22
Section I. Tobacco Use and its Consequences......Page 32
History of Tobacco in China......Page 34
Level and Trends in Tobacco Consumption in China Since 1949......Page 35
Trends in the Prevalence of Tobacco Use......Page 36
Trends in Tobacco Use by Age Group......Page 38
Smoking in Women......Page 39
Smoking in Adolescence......Page 40
Tobacco Use by Occupation......Page 42
SMOKING ADDICTION AND CESSATION......Page 43
EXPOSURE TO SECONDHAND SMOKE......Page 45
SHS Exposure......Page 46
Children’s Exposure to SHS......Page 47
Places of Exposure to SHS......Page 48
IMPACT OF TOBACCO CONTROL IN CHINA......Page 49
Attitudes About Tobacco Control......Page 50
Restrictions on Smoking at Home......Page 51
SUMMARY......Page 52
BACKGROUND......Page 54
THE GOVERNMENT’S LEADERSHIP ROLE IN TOBACCO CONTROL......Page 56
Legislative Framework of Tobacco Control......Page 58
Effectiveness of the Legislative Framework......Page 60
Facts and Figures Tell the Story......Page 61
Dilemma in the Government’s Position......Page 63
WHO’S FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON TOBACCO CONTROL......Page 65
Strategic Directions for Implementing FCTC......Page 66
Main Focus Areas in Implementation of FCTC......Page 67
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO CONTROL INTERVENTION PROGRAMS IN CHINA......Page 69
Tobacco Control in Seven Cities in China: Health VII (1996–2004)......Page 70
Lessons Learned from the Health VII Project......Page 72
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN SUCCESSFUL TOBACCO CONTROL PROGRAMS......Page 73
ECONOMIC INTERVENTIONS......Page 74
INTRODUCTION......Page 78
Population......Page 80
Design and Procedures......Page 81
Statistical Analyses......Page 82
RESULTS......Page 84
Smoking Prevalence of Physicians......Page 85
Physician Attitudes and Practices Towards Patients Who Smoke......Page 86
Gender Differences......Page 90
Predictors of Asking About Smoking Status or Advising Smokers to Quit......Page 92
DISCUSSION......Page 96
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 102
BACKGROUND......Page 104
DISEASE BURDEN CAUSED BY ACTIVE SMOKING IN CHINA......Page 108
DISEASE BURDEN CAUSED BY PASSIVE SMOKING IN CHINA......Page 112
The Passive Smoking Disease Burden Estimates......Page 116
Passive Smoking Prevalence in China......Page 120
Other Diseases Caused by Passive Smoking......Page 121
CONCLUSION......Page 123
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 125
6. Economic Burden of Smoking in China, 2000 Hai-Yen Sung, Liping Wang, Shuigao Jin, Teh-wei Hu and Yuan Jiang......Page 126
Estimation of Smoking Attributable Fraction......Page 128
Data Source......Page 129
Direct Costs......Page 131
Indirect Morbidity Costs......Page 132
Indirect Mortality Costs......Page 133
RESULTS......Page 134
DISCUSSION......Page 141
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 145
APPENDIX......Page 146
Section II. Demand for Cigarettes and Household Expenditures Analysis......Page 148
Background and Importance......Page 150
Previous Literature......Page 153
Demand Models of Cigarette Smoking......Page 156
Specification of Econometric Model......Page 158
Data and Variables......Page 160
RESULTS......Page 162
TAX SIMULATION......Page 169
Implications for Government Revenue......Page 170
Implications for Disproportionate Tax Burden......Page 173
CONCLUSION......Page 175
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 178
INTRODUCTION......Page 180
DATA SOURCES AND SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS......Page 182
REGRESSION ANALYSIS......Page 187
POLICY IMPLICATIONS......Page 190
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 192
INTRODUCTION......Page 194
The 1998 National Health Services Survey......Page 196
Smoking Rate and Frequency......Page 197
Expenditures on Cigarettes......Page 198
Medical Expenditures and Related Expenses......Page 199
Estimating Medical Spending Due to Cigarette Smoking......Page 200
Estimating Impact on Poverty......Page 201
Excessive Medical Spending and Impoverishment......Page 202
Spending on Cigarettes and Impoverishment......Page 203
DISCUSSION......Page 205
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 206
Section III. Supply of Tobacco......Page 208
INTRODUCTION......Page 210
ROLE OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT IN TOBACCO PRODUCTION......Page 212
NATIONAL TOBACCO LEAF PRODUCTION AND ITS ROLE IN THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY......Page 216
PROVINCIAL TOBACCO PRODUCTION AND THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT......Page 219
TOBACCO LEAF PRODUCTION AND REVENUE BY HOUSEHOLD......Page 221
POTENTIAL IMPACT OF WTO MEMBERSHIP ON TOBACCO PRODUCTION......Page 226
CONCLUSIONS......Page 228
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 230
INTRODUCTION......Page 232
National Level......Page 234
Regional Level......Page 235
Contribution of China’s Tobacco Industry to the Economy......Page 236
Tobacco Tax Structure for Chinese Central and Local Governments......Page 237
China’s Tobacco Products......Page 238
Terms......Page 239
Comparing China’s Tobacco Monopoly with Transnational Tobacco Companies......Page 240
Imports and Exports......Page 242
Non-Tariff Financial barriers......Page 243
Consolidation of Companies and Brands......Page 244
Product Standards and Technology......Page 249
Internationalization......Page 251
Tobacco Leaf Production......Page 253
Companies......Page 254
Products......Page 256
Import/Exports......Page 257
Smuggling and Counterfeiting......Page 258
FUTURE TOBACCO CONTROL IN CHINA......Page 263
Section IV. Cigarette Taxation......Page 266
INTRODUCTION......Page 268
CIGARETTE TAX AND GOVERNMENT REVENUE......Page 269
PRICE ELASTICITY, CONSUMPTION, AND ITS IMPACT ON GOVERNMENT REVENUE......Page 270
STATUS OF CHINESE TOBACCO ECONOMY AND HEALTH COSTS......Page 273
EFFECT OF CIGARETTE TAX ON THE ECONOMY......Page 275
HEALTH BENEFITS OF ADDITIONAL CIGARETTE TAX......Page 277
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 278
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 279
INTRODUCTION......Page 280
RATIONALES FOR CIGARETTE TAXATION AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES......Page 282
RATIONALES FOR CIGARETTE TAXATION......Page 283
CIGARETTE TAXES AND RETAIL PRICES AROUND THE WORLD......Page 286
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES WITH ENACTMENT OF A TOBACCO TAX......Page 287
Government Revenue and Price Elasticities......Page 291
OPTIONS FOR ADDITIONAL CIGARETTE TAXES IN CHINA......Page 293
CONCLUSIONS......Page 296
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 297
14. Earmarked Tobacco Taxes: Lessons Learned from the United States for China Teh-wei Hu, Xiao-peng Xu and Theodore Keeler......Page 298
UNITED STATES EXPERIENCES OF EARMARKED TOBACCO TAXES......Page 301
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF EARMARKED TOBACCO TAX: THEORY AND IMPLICATIONS......Page 310
United States......Page 313
China......Page 316
CONCLUSION: LESSONS LEARNED......Page 320
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 323
Section V. Policy Directions......Page 324
15. China at the Crossroads: The Economics of Tobacco and Health Teh-wei Hu, Zhengzhong Mao, Michael Ong, Elisa Tong, Ming Tao, Hesheng Jiang, S. Katharine Hammond, Kirk R. Smith and Joy de Beyer, Ayda Yurekli......Page 326
METHODS AND DATA SOURCES......Page 327
Tobacco Farming: Costs and Return......Page 329
Cigarette Industry: Monopoly and WTO......Page 333
Cigarette Consumption and Taxation......Page 337
CONCLUSION......Page 339
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 340