Tire engineering: an introduction

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
Author Biography......Page 14
Glossary......Page 16
 1.1 Introduction to the Global Tire Industry......Page 26
 1.2 Tire Technology......Page 28
 1.3 Tire Construction......Page 31
 1.4 Mission Profile and Design Envelopes......Page 35
 1.5 Dimensions and Nomenclature......Page 37
 1.6 Tire Speed and Load Rating......Page 41
 1.7 Trends in Tire Sizes......Page 44
 1.8 Secondary Factors Influencing Tire Design......Page 45
 1.9 Off-Road Tires......Page 46
 1.10 Farm Tires......Page 47
 1.13 Summary......Page 48
 References......Page 49
 2.2 Tread Compounds......Page 52
 2.3 Radial Tire Tread Design Parameters......Page 57
 2.4 Tire Footprint Pressure......Page 67
 2.5 Tread Extrusion Contour......Page 68
 2.6 Tread Radius......Page 70
 2.7 Tread Wear Mechanisms......Page 71
 2.8 Summary......Page 73
 References......Page 74
 3.2 Casing Components......Page 76
 3.3 Belt Design......Page 79
 3.4 Casing Construction......Page 82
 3.5 Inner Liner and Barrier......Page 86
 3.7 Sidewall......Page 87
 3.9 Apex (Bead Filler)......Page 89
 3.12 Model Compound Line-up......Page 90
 3.13 Summary......Page 91
 References......Page 94
 4.2 Production of Bromobutyl Rubber......Page 96
 4.3 Tire Innerliner......Page 100
 4.5 Tire Intra-carcass Pressure (ICP)......Page 103
 4.6 Tire Innerliner Compound Properties......Page 105
 4.7 Innerliner and Tire Manufacturing......Page 110
 4.8 Nitrogen Inflation and New Technologies......Page 115
 4.9 Vulcanization of Halobutyl Tire Innerliner Compounds......Page 116
 References......Page 117
 5.1 Introduction......Page 120
 5.2 Fabric Tire Cords......Page 123
 5.3 Cord Construction......Page 124
 5.4 Fabric Production......Page 126
 5.6 Steel Cord......Page 127
 5.7 Mechanism of Brass-Coated Steel Wire-to-Rubber Adhesion......Page 131
 5.8 Bead Wire......Page 133
 References......Page 135
 6.2 Polymers Used in Tires......Page 136
 6.3 Production of Natural Rubber......Page 139
 6.4 Natural Rubber Products and Grades......Page 141
  6.4.1 TSR-L......Page 142
  6.4.2 TSR-5......Page 143
  6.4.5 TSR-50......Page 144
 6.5 Quality......Page 145
 6.6 Properties of Natural Rubber Compounds......Page 149
 6.7 Synthetic Elastomers Used in Tires......Page 150
 6.8 Carbon Black and its Properties......Page 158
 6.9 Silica, Silicates, and Other Inorganic Fillers......Page 159
 6.10 Protectant Systems......Page 164
 6.11 Vulcanization Systems......Page 167
 6.12 Tire Factory Compound Processing Aids......Page 169
 6.13 Compound Production Efficiencies......Page 171
 References......Page 173
 7.2 Applied Polymer Technology......Page 176
 7.3 Tire Components......Page 179
 7.4 Blending Elastomers......Page 182
 7.5 Processing of Elastomer Blends......Page 184
 7.6 Natural Rubber–Bromobutyl Blends......Page 186
 7.8 Bromobutyl–GPR Blends......Page 189
 7.9 Distribution of Compounding Ingredients: Insoluble Chemicals......Page 190
 7.10 Distribution of Compounding Ingredients: Soluble Chemicals......Page 192
 7.11 Effect of Blending on Compound Physical Properties......Page 194
 7.12 Secondary Polymer Blends Systems......Page 195
  7.12.2 Reinforcing Resins......Page 196
  7.12.3 Curing Resins......Page 198
  7.12.4 Polymeric Green Strength Promoter......Page 199
 7.13 Elastomer Blends and Tire Performance......Page 201
 7.14 Summary......Page 203
 References......Page 205
 8.2 Raw Materials Receiving and Compound Mixing......Page 206
 8.3 Component Preparation......Page 213
 8.4 Electron Beam Radiation Processing......Page 218
 8.5 Tire Building......Page 219
 8.6 Tire Curing (Vulcanization)......Page 221
 8.7 Final Finish......Page 226
 8.9 Tire Production and the Environment......Page 227
 References......Page 229
 9.1 Introduction......Page 232
 9.2 Raw Materials and Compound Mixing......Page 233
 9.3 Component Preparation......Page 235
 9.4 Tire Building......Page 236
 9.6 Final Finish......Page 237
 9.8 Fundamental Tire Forces......Page 239
  9.8.1 Radial Force Variation......Page 240
  9.8.5 Radial Run-out......Page 241
  9.8.8 Ply Steer......Page 242
  9.8.9 Lateral Run-out......Page 243
  9.8.10 Harmonic Waveform Analysis......Page 244
 9.9 Global Quality Management Standards......Page 245
 References......Page 247
 10.2 Laboratory Testing......Page 248
  10.2.1 FMVSS139 Tests......Page 249
   10.2.1.3 The High-Speed Test......Page 250
  10.2.2 Rolling Resistance......Page 251
  10.2.4 Inflation Pressure Retention......Page 254
 10.3 Tire Proving Grounds......Page 255
  10.3.1 Traction Testing......Page 256
  10.3.2 Noise......Page 258
  10.3.3 Tread Wear......Page 259
  10.3.4 Tire Vehicle Handling......Page 261
 10.4 Commercial Fleet Programs......Page 263
  10.4.1 Truck Fuel Consumption......Page 264
  10.4.2 Commercial Fleet Tire Wear......Page 265
 10.5 Summary......Page 267
 References......Page 268
 11.1 Introduction......Page 270
 11.2 Passenger Car Tire Trends......Page 272
 11.3 Commercial Truck Tires......Page 277
 11.4 Farm Tires and Tracks......Page 279
 11.6 Manufacturing......Page 280
 11.7 Competitive Product Benchmarking......Page 283
 11.8 Competitive Technical Intelligence......Page 286
  11.9.2 Reuse......Page 288
  11.9.4 Reclaim......Page 289
 11.10 Sustainability......Page 291
 References......Page 292
Appendix 1: Abbreviations for Tire Polymers and Polymer Additives......Page 294
Appendix 2: Recognized Industry Abbreviations for Accelerators......Page 296
Appendix 3: Common Terms for Compounding Ingredients......Page 298
Index......Page 300