Ticks: Biology, Ecology, and Diseases

Front Cover
Ticks
Ticks Biology, Ecology, and Diseases
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
1 - A brief introduction to ticks
	Why study ticks? (And write a book about them)
	A note on naming of ticks
	The structure of the book
	Conclusions
	References
2 - Tick classification and diversity
	Introduction
	Tick taxonomy
	The families
	The Ixodidae: the hard ticks
	The Argasidae: the soft ticks
	The Nuttalliellidae: Nuttalliella namaqua the odd one out!
	Tick morphology
	Identification of ticks using morphology
	Identification of ticks using genetic sequence
	Identification of ticks using proteomics
	Conclusions
	References
3 - The tick life cycle
	Introduction
	Hard ticks
		Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758)—a questing tick
		Ixodes uriae (White, 1852)—a nest dweller
		Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus, 1758)—a vector on the rise
		Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius, 1794)—an ornamented tick
		Hyalomma marginatum (Koch, 1844)—a hunting tick
		Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrina, 1888)—a one host tick
		Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806)—a tick adapted to man's best friend
		Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann, 1901)—the invader
	Soft ticks
		Ornithodoros moubata (Murray, 1877)—into the burrows
		Argas vespertilionis (Latreille, 1802)—life on the wing
	Conclusions
	References
4 - Blood feeding as a life choice and the multiple functions of tick saliva
	Introduction
	Finding a host
	Attachment
	Engorgement
	Detachment
	Problems associated with blood feeding
	Thermoregulation
	Water balance
	Interrupted feeding
	Hyperparasitism
	The exception to the blood-feeding rule
	Tick saliva
	Structure of the tick salivary gland
	The functions of tick salivary glands and saliva
	The effect on skin at the bite site
	The role of tick saliva in pathogen transmission
	Antitick vaccination using components of tick saliva
	Conclusions
	References
5 - An introduction to tick-borne disease
	Africa
	Asia
	Australia and New Zealand
	Europe
	North America
	South and Central America
	Summary
	References
6 - Tick-borne diseases of humans
	Introduction
	Tick-borne disease caused by viruses
		Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever
		Colorado tick fever
		Crimean–congo hemorrhagic fever
		Eyach virus
		Kyasanur Forest disease
		Omsk hemorrhagic fever
		Powassan encephalitis and deer tick virus
		Tick-borne encephalitis
	Tick-borne diseases caused by bacteria
		Human granulocytic anaplasmosis
		Lyme borreliosis
		Ehrlichiosis
		Rickettsiosis
		Tularemia
		Coxiella burnetii—Q fever
	Tick-borne diseases caused by protozoa
		Babesiosis
	Nonpathogen-associated disease
	Conclusions
	References
7 - Tick-borne diseases of animals
	Introduction
	Tick-borne diseases—viruses
		African swine fever
		Ovine encephalitis (louping ill)
		Nairobi sheep disease
		Thogoto virus
	Tick-borne diseases—protozoa
		Babesiosis
		Theileriosis
		Bovine theileriosis
	Tick-borne diseases—bacteria
		Tick-borne fever (anaplasmosis in animals)
		Heartwater/cowdriosis
		Canine ehrlichiosis
		Hepatozoonosis
	Conclusions
	References
8 - Emerging diseases and the impact of the microbiome
	References
9 - Emerging tick-borne diseases
	Introduction
	The discovery of Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China and the emergence of Heartland virus in North America
	The discovery of Beiji virus in China
	Bourbon virus in the United States
	The emergence of Babesia microti in North America
	The emergence of Theileria orientalis type Ikeda in New Zealand
	Conclusions
	References
10 - The tick microbiome
	Introduction
	Technologies used to detect pathogens
	The tick virome
	Discovery of segmented flaviviruses
	Pathogen discovery in Ixodes scapularis, North America
	The tick bacteriome
	Other microbiota associated with ticks
	Conclusions
	References
11 - Climate change and control of ticks and tick-borne diseases
	References
12 - The impact of climate change on ticks and tick-borne disease transmission
	Introduction
	Impact of climate change in temperate regions
		Europe
	The example of the British Isles
	North America
	Impact of climate change in tropical and subtropical regions
	Impact of climate change at the poles
	Conclusions
	References
13 - Controlling ticks and tick-borne disease transmission
	Introduction
	Surveillance: its importance in controlling ticks and tick-borne disease
	Surveying for ticks
	Environmental collection of ticks
	On-host collections of ticks
	Citizen science and surveys
	Detection of tick-associated pathogens
	The challenge of invasive species
	Methods for studying tick-borne disease biology and transmission
	Tick colonies for investigating tick–pathogen interactions
	Tick cell lines as an alternative model system
	Acaricides
	Land management
	Vaccines
	Vaccines directed at individual tick-borne pathogens
	Vaccines directed at ticks
	Public information
	Conclusions
	References
14 - Synthesis: future developments in tick research
	New discoveries and species redistribution
	Ticks as vectors
	Climate change and ticks
	Tick genomics
	Harnessing the sialome
	Closing remarks
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	V
	W
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