Three-dimensional Volumetric Analysis in an Archaeological Context. The Palace of Tupkish at Urkesh and its Representation

Cover and front matter......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 10
Foreword......Page 17
Preface......Page 20
Acknowledgments......Page 22
1 Introduction......Page 24
1.1 Approach......Page 25
1.2 Architectural Analysis......Page 26
1.3 Elements and Process of Construction......Page 28
1.5 Construction of 3D Models: Methodological Aspects......Page 30
1.6 Application to the AP Palace......Page 32
1.7 Impact and Directions for Future Research......Page 33
2 Architectural Analysis......Page 34
2.1 The AP Palace as a Whole......Page 35
2.1.1 Palace: Position......Page 37
2.1.2.2 Leveling and Terracing......Page 40
2.1.2.3 Construction and First Use......Page 42
2.1.2.5 Chronology and the Seal Impressions of Tar\'am-Agade......Page 43
2.1.2.6 Chronological Phase Chart......Page 45
2.1.3 AP Palace as a Royal Palace......Page 47
2.1.4.2 Palace Entrance......Page 49
2.1.4.3 Iwans......Page 50
2.1.4.4 Rabbeting......Page 52
2.1.4.5 Proportion of Room Area to Room Perimeter......Page 53
2.1.5 The Perception of Space through the Optic, Acoustic, Haptic, Olfactory Senses......Page 56
2.1.5.2 Sensing the Palace from Outside: Optic......Page 57
2.1.5.3 Sensing the Palace from Outside: Haptic......Page 58
2.1.6.1 Elevations......Page 59
2.1.6.3 Canal and Lower Town to West......Page 60
2.1.6.5 Question of Access......Page 61
2.1.6.6 Visibility......Page 62
2.1.7 Building as Synthetic Whole......Page 63
2.2 Analysis of AP Palace: Sectors and Installations......Page 64
2.2.1 Palace Sectors and Rooms......Page 65
2.2.1.1 Sectors A, B, C, D – The Service Wing of the AP Palace......Page 66
2.2.1.1.1 Sector A......Page 68
2.2.1.1.2 Sector C......Page 70
2.2.1.1.3 Sector B......Page 71
2.2.1.2 Sectors E, F – Access to the North and East......Page 72
2.2.1.2.1 Sector E......Page 73
2.2.1.2.2 Sector F......Page 74
2.2.1.3 Sector G – Possible Staircase Access......Page 75
2.2.1.4.1 Sector H......Page 76
2.2.1.4.2 Sector I......Page 79
2.2.1.5.1 Sector Y......Page 82
2.2.1.5.2 Sector X......Page 83
2.2.2.1 The \'Bathroom\' Inst­al­lation in C6......Page 84
2.2.2.2 The Clay Bin in C2......Page 85
2.2.2.3 The Charred Beams in C1......Page 86
2.2.2.5 The Kitchen Installations in D1......Page 88
2.2.2.6 The Baked-Brick Platform F1-G1......Page 89
2.2.2.7 The Drainage System in D and C......Page 90
2.2.2.8 The Drain in H4......Page 91
2.2.2.10 The Stone Courtyard H3......Page 92
2.2.2.11 The Baked Brick Installation Below Courtyard H3......Page 93
2.3.1.1 Royal Residence......Page 94
2.3.2 Estimate of Building Footprint......Page 95
2.4.1 Stone as Construction Material......Page 97
2.4.3 Iwans......Page 98
2.4.4 Mirrored Architecture......Page 99
3.1 From Chaîne Opératoire to Gedankenexperiment......Page 102
3.1.1 Applying a Chaîne Opératoire to Architecture......Page 103
3.1.2 Sources for the Analysis......Page 106
3.1.2.3 Postulate 2: Continuity of Experience......Page 108
3.2.1 Stone......Page 109
3.2.1.1 Use of Stone in Construction......Page 110
3.2.1.3 Quarrying Techniques......Page 111
3.2.1.4 Stone Working......Page 115
3.2.1.6 Stone Construction at Tell Mozan......Page 116
3.2.2.1 Use of Mudbrick in Construction......Page 117
3.2.2.2 Process of mudbrick making......Page 118
3.2.2.3 Materials needed to make mudbricks......Page 128
3.2.2.4 Half-bricks......Page 129
3.2.2.5 Mudbrick Volume and Weight......Page 131
3.2.2.6 \'Timing\' Mudbrick production......Page 132
3.2.2.7 Storage of Mudbricks......Page 133
3.2.2.8 Mudbricks and the AP Palace......Page 134
3.2.2.9 Mudbrick Production at Mozan......Page 135
3.2.3.1 Index of Terms......Page 136
3.2.3.2 Sign for Mudbrick, Brickform......Page 137
3.2.3.3 Calculating number of mudbricks needed......Page 139
3.2.4 Mud Plaster and Mortar......Page 140
3.2.5 Gypsum and Lime Plasters......Page 141
3.2.6 Chaff......Page 143
3.2.8 Reed matting......Page 144
3.2.10 Tools......Page 145
3.3 Know-How......Page 146
3.3.1 Commissioning Ruler......Page 147
3.3.2.1 Planning Team: City Planner......Page 148
3.3.2.2 Planning Team: Economic/Manpower Coordinator......Page 149
3.3.2.3 Planning Team: Architect/Engineer/Surveyor......Page 151
3.3.3.3 Execution Team: Overseers......Page 152
3.4 Manpower......Page 153
3.4.1 Divisions within the Workforce......Page 154
3.4.1.2 Slaves......Page 155
3.4.1.5 Workers and the Organization of Work......Page 156
3.4.2 Organization of Labor......Page 158
3.4.2.3 Overseers......Page 159
3.4.3 Transportation......Page 160
3.4.3.1 The Transportation of Stone......Page 161
3.4.3.2 Transportation of Mudbricks......Page 165
3.4.3.3 The Transportation of Wooden Beams......Page 166
3.4.3.4 The Transportation of Earth, Mortar, Plaster and Gypsum......Page 168
3.4.3.5 The Transportation of Reeds and Straw......Page 169
3.4.4 Gender......Page 170
3.4.5 Manpower and the AP Palace – a Hypothesis based on the Garshana Texts......Page 171
3.5.1 Timeline of Construction......Page 172
3.5.1.5 Step 5: Initial Pre-Construction Work......Page 173
3.5.2.1 Stone......Page 174
3.5.2.2 Mudbrick......Page 176
3.5.2.4 Gypsum and Lime......Page 177
3.5.3 Constructing the Palace: Putting Together the Pieces......Page 178
3.5.3.1 Preparing the Worksite......Page 180
3.5.3.2 Leveling, Terracing, Filling......Page 181
3.5.3.3 Foundations, Drains......Page 183
3.5.3.4 Stone Placement......Page 184
3.5.3.6 Laying the Mudbricks......Page 186
3.5.3.7 Doorways and Windows......Page 188
3.5.3.8 Preparing Wall-Tops for a Roof......Page 189
3.5.3.9 Roof Construction......Page 190
3.5.3.9.1 Rooftop Use and Access......Page 193
3.5.3.12 Decoration and Movable Goods within the Building......Page 195
3.6.1 Applying Algorithms to a Specific Structure......Page 196
3.6.3 The \'Who\' of Construction......Page 198
4 Theoretical Underpinnings of Architectural Analysis......Page 200
4.1.1 Postulate 1: The Ethnoarchaeological link......Page 202
4.1.2 Postulate 2: Continuity of Experience......Page 203
4.2 Context......Page 204
4.2.2 The Influence of Vernacular on Planned Architecture......Page 205
4.2.3 The Role of Architecture in Creating an Urban Environment......Page 206
4.2.4 Architecture and History......Page 207
4.3.1 The Human Background......Page 209
4.3.2 Palace Architecture: Motivations for Change......Page 210
4.3.2.1 Architecture as a Statement of Disassociation......Page 211
4.3.2.2 Using Architecture to Change the Message......Page 212
4.3.2.3 Affecting the Urban Texture......Page 213
4.3.2.4 Using Architecture to Achieve or Reaffirm Elite Status......Page 214
4.3.3 The Architect as Agent......Page 215
4.4 The Search for Meaning in Architecture......Page 216
4.4.1 Style in Architecture......Page 217
4.4.2 The Role of 3D Modeling as a Heuristic Vehicle......Page 218
4.4.3 The Value of Architecture......Page 219
4.4.3.1 Value and Energetics......Page 220
4.4.3.3 Value and Social Institutions......Page 222
5.1 The UFO Problem......Page 224
5.2.1 Accuracy......Page 225
5.2.3 The Fourth Dimension......Page 226
5.3.1 The 3D Model\'s Ancestor: Hand-drawn Illustrations......Page 227
5.3.2 Goal for 3D Modeling: Communication......Page 229
5.3.3 Goal for 3D Modeling: Visual Interactivity......Page 230
5.3.5 Goal for 3D Modeling: Volumetrics......Page 231
5.3.6 Visualizing 3D in Three Dimensions......Page 232
5.4 Current 3D Modeling Practices......Page 233
5.4.3 Photo-modeling......Page 234
5.5 Embracing Simplicity: BlockGen......Page 235
5.5.1.4 Allow for the Integration of Stratigraphy as well as Architecture......Page 236
5.5.2.1 Method 1: Surveying......Page 237
5.5.3 Using Scripts......Page 238
5.6 Beyond the Architectural Model: Software......Page 239
5.6.1.2 Using the Model......Page 240
5.6.2.1 Integrating the 3D Model with Other Data Sources......Page 242
5.6.3.2 Walkthrough......Page 243
5.6.4 First-Person Interactive Environments......Page 244
5.6.4.3 Online Environments......Page 245
5.7 Beyond the Architectural Model: Concepts......Page 246
5.7.1 Architecture and Stratigraphy......Page 247
5.7.2 The Movable and the Stationary......Page 248
5.7.3 Realtime Representation......Page 249
5.7.4 3D in a Didactic Context......Page 250
5.7.4.2 The Ethical Dimension of Communication......Page 251
5.7.4.3 Interactivity......Page 252
6 Application to the Tupkish Palace at Urkesh......Page 254
6.1.1 The Data......Page 255
6.1.2 Layers: Stone......Page 256
6.1.3 Layers: Brick......Page 259
6.1.4 Layers: Installations......Page 265
6.1.5 The Precision of the 3D Model......Page 267
6.2 Using the 3D Model of the AP Palace as a Tool......Page 269
6.2.1 Combining the 3D Model with the Algorithms......Page 270
6.2.1.2 Algorithms: Stone......Page 271
6.2.1.3 Algorithms: Mudbrick Production......Page 272
6.2.2 Looking at Visibility......Page 274
6.2.4 The Cost of Monumentality......Page 275
7.1 Impact......Page 278
7.2 Future Research......Page 279
Bibliography......Page 282
Appendix: BlockGen Vademecum and Program Code......Page 302
AP Palace Wall Catalog......Page 322
Alphabetical Index......Page 374
List of Illustrations......Page 380
List of Tables......Page 386
Back cover......Page 387