Three-dimensional model analysis and processing

Preface......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
1.1.1 Technical Development Course of Multimedia......Page 14
1.1.2 Information Explosion......Page 16
1.1.3 Network Information Security......Page 19
1.1.4 Technical Requirements of 3D Models\r......Page 22
1.2.1 3D Models......Page 24
1.2.2 3D Modeling Schemes......Page 26
1.2.3 Polygon Meshes......Page 33
1.2.4 3D Model File Formats and Processing Software\r......Page 35
1.3.1 Overview of 3D Model Processing Techniques......Page 44
1.3.2 Overview of 3D Model Analysis Techniques\r......Page 48
1.4.1 Concepts of Data Compression......Page 51
1.4.2 Overview of Audio Compression Techniques......Page 52
1.4.3 Overview of Image Compression Techniques......Page 55
1.4.4 Overview of Video Compression Techniques\r......Page 59
1.5.1 Requirement Background......Page 61
1.5.2 Concepts of Digital Watermarks......Page 63
1.5.3 Basic Framework of Digital Watermarking Systems......Page 64
1.5.4 Communication-Based Digital Watermarking Models......Page 65
1.5.5 Classification of Digital Watermarking Techniques......Page 67
1.5.6 Applications of Digital Watermarking Techniques......Page 69
1.5.7 Characteristics of Watermarking Systems\r......Page 71
1.6.1 Concepts of Information Retrieval......Page 75
1.6.2 Summary of Content-Based Multimedia Retrieval......Page 78
1.6.3 Content-Based Image Retrieval......Page 80
1.6.4 Content-Based Video Retrieval......Page 83
1.6.5 Content-Based Audio Retrieval\r......Page 87
1.7.1 Basic Concept of Hashing Functions......Page 93
1.7.2 Concepts and Properties of Perceptual Hashing Functions......Page 94
1.7.3 The State-of-the-Art of Perceptual Hashing Functions......Page 96
1.7.4 Applications of Perceptual Hashing Functions......Page 98
1.8 Main Content of This Book......Page 100
References\r......Page 101
2.1.1 Background\r......Page 104
2.1.2 Basic Concepts and Definitions......Page 106
2.1.3 Algorithm Classification\r......Page 113
2.2 Single-Rate Connectivity Compression.......Page 115
2.2.1 Representation of Indexed Face Set......Page 116
2.2.2 Triangle-Strip-Based Connectivity Coding......Page 117
2.2.3 Spanning-Tree-Based Connectivity Coding......Page 118
2.2.4 Layered-Decomposition-Based Connectivity Coding......Page 120
2.2.5 Valence-Driven Connectivity Coding Approach......Page 121
2.2.6 Triangle Conquest Based Connectivity Coding......Page 124
2.2.7 Summary\r......Page 128
2.3 Progressive Connectivity Compression......Page 129
2.3.1 Progressive Meshes......Page 130
2.3.2 Patch Coloring......Page 134
2.3.3 Valence-Driven Conquest......Page 135
2.3.4 Embedded Coding......Page 137
2.3.5 Layered Decomposition......Page 138
2.3.6 Summary\r......Page 139
2.4 Spatial-Domain Geometry Compression......Page 140
2.4.1 Scalar Quantization......Page 141
2.4.2 Prediction......Page 142
2.4.3 k-d Tree......Page 145
2.4.4 Octree Decomposition\r......Page 146
2.5 Transform Based Geometric Compression......Page 147
2.5.1 Single-Rate Spectral Compression of Mesh Geometry......Page 148
2.5.2 Progressive Compression Based on Wavelet Transform......Page 149
2.5.3 Geometry Image Coding......Page 152
2.5.4 Summary\r......Page 153
2.6 Geometry Compression Based on Vector Quantization......Page 154
2.6.2 Quantization of 3D Model Space Vectors......Page 155
2.6.3 PVQ-Based Geometry Compression......Page 156
2.6.4 Fast VQ Compression for 3D Mesh Models......Page 157
2.6.5 VQ Scheme Based on Dynamically Restricted Codebook\r......Page 160
References\r......Page 168
3.1.1 Background\r......Page 174
3.1.2 Basic Concepts and Definitions......Page 177
3.1.3 Classification of 3D Feature Extraction Algorithms\r......Page 180
3.2 Statistical Feature Extraction......Page 181
3.2.1 3D Moments of Surface......Page 182
3.2.2 3D Zernike Moments......Page 184
3.2.3 3D Shape Histograms......Page 186
3.2.4 Point Density......Page 189
3.2.5 Shape Distribution Functions......Page 193
3.2.6 Extended Gaussian Image\r......Page 198
3.3 Rotation-Based Shape Descriptor......Page 201
3.3.1 Proposed Algorithm......Page 203
3.3.2 Experimental Results\r......Page 206
3.4.1 Detailed Procedure......Page 207
3.4.2 Experimental Results\r......Page 210
3.5 Global Geometry Feature Extraction......Page 211
3.5.1 Ray-Based Geometrical Feature Representation......Page 212
3.5.2 Weighted Point Sets......Page 214
3.5.3 Other Methods\r......Page 215
3.6.1 Fourier Descriptor......Page 216
3.6.2 Spherical Harmonic Analysis......Page 219
3.6.3 Wavelet Transform\r......Page 222
3.7.1 Methods on Based 2D Functional Projection......Page 227
3.7.2 Methods on Based 2D Planar View Mapping\r......Page 231
3.8.1 Introduction......Page 233
3.8.2 Multi-resolution Reeb Graph......Page 235
3.8.3 Skeleton Graph\r......Page 237
3.9.1 Introduction......Page 239
3.9.2 Color Feature Extraction......Page 240
3.10 Summary......Page 241
References\r......Page 243
4.1.1 Background......Page 250
4.1.2 Performance Evaluation Criteria\r......Page 252
4.2.1 Overview of Content-Based 3D Model Retrieval......Page 257
4.2.2 Challenges in Content-Based 3D Model Retrieval......Page 259
4.2.3 Framework of Content-Based 3D Model Retrieval......Page 260
4.2.4 Important Issues in Content-Based 3D Model Retrieval\r......Page 261
4.3.1 Overview......Page 263
4.3.2 Pose Normalization......Page 264
4.3.3 Polygon Triangulation......Page 269
4.3.4 Mesh Segmentation......Page 271
4.3.5 Vertex Clustering\r......Page 273
4.4.1 Primitive-Based Feature Extraction......Page 274
4.4.2 Statistics-Based Feature Extraction......Page 278
4.4.3 Geometry-Based Feature Extraction......Page 281
4.4.4 View-Based Feature Extraction\r......Page 285
4.5.1 Distance Metrics......Page 286
4.5.2 Graph-Matching Algorithms......Page 288
4.5.3 Machine-Learning Methods......Page 290
4.5.4 Semantic Measurements\r......Page 299
4.6.1 Query by Example......Page 301
4.6.2 Query by 2D Projections......Page 302
4.6.4 Query by 3D Sketches......Page 305
4.6.5 Query by Text......Page 306
4.6.6 Multimodal Queries and Relevance Feedback\r......Page 307
4.7 Summary......Page 308
References\r......Page 310
5.1 Introduction......Page 318
5.2 3D Model Watermarking System and Its Requirements......Page 320
5.2.1 Digital Watermarking......Page 321
5.2.2 3D Model Watermarking Framework......Page 322
5.2.3 Difficulties......Page 323
5.2.4 Requirements\r......Page 324
5.3.1 Classification According to Redundancy Utilization......Page 329
5.3.2 Classification According to Robustness......Page 330
5.3.4 Classification According to Embedding Domains......Page 331
5.3.7 Classification According to Reversibility......Page 332
5.4 Spatial-Domain-Based 3D Model Watermarking......Page 333
5.4.1 Vertex Disturbance......Page 334
5.4.2 Modifying Distances or Lengths......Page 338
5.4.3 Adopting Triangle/Strip as Embedding Primitives......Page 342
5.4.4 Using a Tetrahedron as the Embedding Primitive......Page 346
5.4.6 Modification of Surface Normal Distribution......Page 349
5.5 A Robust Adaptive 3D Mesh Watermarking Scheme......Page 350
5.5.1 Watermarking Scheme......Page 351
5.5.2 Parameter Control for Watermark Embedding......Page 355
5.5.3 Experimental Results......Page 360
5.6 3D Watermarking in Transformed Domains......Page 364
5.6.1 Mesh Watermarking in Wavelet Transform Domains......Page 365
5.6.2 Mesh Watermarking in the RST Invariant Space......Page 366
5.6.3 Mesh Watermarking Based on the Burt-Adelson Pyramid......Page 367
5.6.4 Mesh Watermarking Based on Fourier Analysis......Page 372
5.6.5 Other Algorithms\r......Page 374
5.7.1 Watermarking Methods for NURBS Curves and Surfaces......Page 375
5.7.3 3D Animation Watermarking\r......Page 376
5.8 Summary......Page 377
References\r......Page 379
6 Reversible Data Hiding in 3D Models......Page 384
6.1.1 Background......Page 385
6.1.2 Requirements and Performance Evaluation Criteria\r......Page 386
6.2.1 Classification of Reversible Data Hiding Schemes......Page 387
6.2.2 Difference-Expansion-Based Reversible Data Hiding......Page 389
6.2.3 Histogram-Shifting-Based Reversible Data Hiding......Page 392
6.2.4 Applications of Reversible Data Hiding for Images\r......Page 393
6.3.1 General System......Page 394
6.3.2 Challenges of 3D Model Reversible Data Hiding......Page 395
6.4 Spatial Domain 3D Model Reversible Data Hiding......Page 396
6.4.1 3D Mesh Authentication......Page 397
6.4.2 Encoding Stage......Page 398
6.4.3 Decoding Stage......Page 400
6.4.4 Experimental Results and Discussions\r......Page 401
6.5 Compressed Domain 3D Model Reversible Data Hiding......Page 403
6.5.1 Scheme Overview......Page 404
6.5.2 Predictive Vector Quantization......Page 405
6.5.3 Data Embedding......Page 406
6.5.5 Performance Analysis......Page 407
6.5.6 Experimental Results......Page 408
6.5.7 Capacity Enhancement\r......Page 410
6.6 Transform Domain Reversible 3D Model Data Hiding......Page 414
6.6.1 Introduction\r......Page 415
6.6.2 Scheme Overview......Page 416
6.6.3 Data Embedding......Page 418
6.6.4 Data Extraction......Page 421
6.6.5 Experimental Results......Page 422
6.6.6 Bit-Shifting-Based Coefficients Modulation\r......Page 423
6.7 Summary......Page 424
References\r......Page 425
Index......Page 430