Three-Dimensional Model Analysis and Processing

Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 10
1.1.1 Technical Development Course of Multimedia......Page 16
1.1.2 Information Explosion......Page 18
1.1.3 Network Information Security......Page 21
1.1.4 Technical Requirements of 3D Models\r......Page 24
1.2.1 3D Models......Page 26
1.2.2 3D Modeling Schemes......Page 28
1.2.3 Polygon Meshes......Page 35
1.2.4 3D Model File Formats and Processing Software\r......Page 37
1.3.1 Overview of 3D Model Processing Techniques......Page 46
1.3.2 Overview of 3D Model Analysis Techniques\r......Page 50
1.4.1 Concepts of Data Compression......Page 53
1.4.2 Overview of Audio Compression Techniques......Page 54
1.4.3 Overview of Image Compression Techniques......Page 57
1.4.4 Overview of Video Compression Techniques\r......Page 61
1.5.1 Requirement Background......Page 63
1.5.2 Concepts of Digital Watermarks......Page 65
1.5.3 Basic Framework of Digital Watermarking Systems......Page 66
1.5.4 Communication-Based Digital Watermarking Models......Page 67
1.5.5 Classification of Digital Watermarking Techniques......Page 69
1.5.6 Applications of Digital Watermarking Techniques......Page 71
1.5.7 Characteristics of Watermarking Systems\r......Page 73
1.6.1 Concepts of Information Retrieval......Page 77
1.6.2 Summary of Content-Based Multimedia Retrieval......Page 80
1.6.3 Content-Based Image Retrieval......Page 82
1.6.4 Content-Based Video Retrieval......Page 85
1.6.5 Content-Based Audio Retrieval\r......Page 89
1.7.1 Basic Concept of Hashing Functions......Page 95
1.7.2 Concepts and Properties of Perceptual Hashing Functions......Page 96
1.7.3 The State-of-the-Art of Perceptual Hashing Functions......Page 98
1.7.4 Applications of Perceptual Hashing Functions......Page 100
1.8 Main Content of This Book......Page 102
References\r......Page 103
2.1.1 Background\r......Page 106
2.1.2 Basic Concepts and Definitions......Page 108
2.1.3 Algorithm Classification\r......Page 115
2.2 Single-Rate Connectivity Compression.......Page 117
2.2.1 Representation of Indexed Face Set......Page 118
2.2.2 Triangle-Strip-Based Connectivity Coding......Page 119
2.2.3 Spanning-Tree-Based Connectivity Coding......Page 120
2.2.4 Layered-Decomposition-Based Connectivity Coding......Page 122
2.2.5 Valence-Driven Connectivity Coding Approach......Page 123
2.2.6 Triangle Conquest Based Connectivity Coding......Page 126
2.2.7 Summary\r......Page 130
2.3 Progressive Connectivity Compression......Page 131
2.3.1 Progressive Meshes......Page 132
2.3.2 Patch Coloring......Page 136
2.3.3 Valence-Driven Conquest......Page 137
2.3.4 Embedded Coding......Page 139
2.3.5 Layered Decomposition......Page 140
2.3.6 Summary\r......Page 141
2.4 Spatial-Domain Geometry Compression......Page 142
2.4.1 Scalar Quantization......Page 143
2.4.2 Prediction......Page 144
2.4.3 k-d Tree......Page 147
2.4.4 Octree Decomposition\r......Page 148
2.5 Transform Based Geometric Compression......Page 149
2.5.1 Single-Rate Spectral Compression of Mesh Geometry......Page 150
2.5.2 Progressive Compression Based on Wavelet Transform......Page 151
2.5.3 Geometry Image Coding......Page 154
2.5.4 Summary\r......Page 155
2.6 Geometry Compression Based on Vector Quantization......Page 156
2.6.2 Quantization of 3D Model Space Vectors......Page 157
2.6.3 PVQ-Based Geometry Compression......Page 158
2.6.4 Fast VQ Compression for 3D Mesh Models......Page 159
2.6.5 VQ Scheme Based on Dynamically Restricted Codebook\r......Page 162
References\r......Page 170
3.1.1 Background\r......Page 176
3.1.2 Basic Concepts and Definitions......Page 179
3.1.3 Classification of 3D Feature Extraction Algorithms\r......Page 182
3.2 Statistical Feature Extraction......Page 183
3.2.1 3D Moments of Surface......Page 184
3.2.2 3D Zernike Moments......Page 186
3.2.3 3D Shape Histograms......Page 188
3.2.4 Point Density......Page 191
3.2.5 Shape Distribution Functions......Page 195
3.2.6 Extended Gaussian Image\r......Page 200
3.3 Rotation-Based Shape Descriptor......Page 203
3.3.1 Proposed Algorithm......Page 205
3.3.2 Experimental Results\r......Page 208
3.4.1 Detailed Procedure......Page 209
3.4.2 Experimental Results\r......Page 212
3.5 Global Geometry Feature Extraction......Page 213
3.5.1 Ray-Based Geometrical Feature Representation......Page 214
3.5.2 Weighted Point Sets......Page 216
3.5.3 Other Methods\r......Page 217
3.6.1 Fourier Descriptor......Page 218
3.6.2 Spherical Harmonic Analysis......Page 221
3.6.3 Wavelet Transform\r......Page 224
3.7.1 Methods on Based 2D Functional Projection......Page 229
3.7.2 Methods on Based 2D Planar View Mapping\r......Page 233
3.8.1 Introduction......Page 235
3.8.2 Multi-resolution Reeb Graph......Page 237
3.8.3 Skeleton Graph\r......Page 239
3.9.1 Introduction......Page 241
3.9.2 Color Feature Extraction......Page 242
3.10 Summary......Page 243
References\r......Page 245
4.1.1 Background......Page 252
4.1.2 Performance Evaluation Criteria\r......Page 254
4.2.1 Overview of Content-Based 3D Model Retrieval......Page 259
4.2.2 Challenges in Content-Based 3D Model Retrieval......Page 261
4.2.3 Framework of Content-Based 3D Model Retrieval......Page 262
4.2.4 Important Issues in Content-Based 3D Model Retrieval\r......Page 263
4.3.1 Overview......Page 265
4.3.2 Pose Normalization......Page 266
4.3.3 Polygon Triangulation......Page 271
4.3.4 Mesh Segmentation......Page 273
4.3.5 Vertex Clustering\r......Page 275
4.4.1 Primitive-Based Feature Extraction......Page 276
4.4.2 Statistics-Based Feature Extraction......Page 280
4.4.3 Geometry-Based Feature Extraction......Page 283
4.4.4 View-Based Feature Extraction\r......Page 287
4.5.1 Distance Metrics......Page 288
4.5.2 Graph-Matching Algorithms......Page 290
4.5.3 Machine-Learning Methods......Page 292
4.5.4 Semantic Measurements\r......Page 301
4.6.1 Query by Example......Page 303
4.6.2 Query by 2D Projections......Page 304
4.6.4 Query by 3D Sketches......Page 307
4.6.5 Query by Text......Page 308
4.6.6 Multimodal Queries and Relevance Feedback\r......Page 309
4.7 Summary......Page 310
References\r......Page 312
5.1 Introduction......Page 320
5.2 3D Model Watermarking System and Its Requirements......Page 322
5.2.1 Digital Watermarking......Page 323
5.2.2 3D Model Watermarking Framework......Page 324
5.2.3 Difficulties......Page 325
5.2.4 Requirements\r......Page 326
5.3.1 Classification According to Redundancy Utilization......Page 331
5.3.2 Classification According to Robustness......Page 332
5.3.4 Classification According to Embedding Domains......Page 333
5.3.7 Classification According to Reversibility......Page 334
5.4 Spatial-Domain-Based 3D Model Watermarking......Page 335
5.4.1 Vertex Disturbance......Page 336
5.4.2 Modifying Distances or Lengths......Page 340
5.4.3 Adopting Triangle/Strip as Embedding Primitives......Page 344
5.4.4 Using a Tetrahedron as the Embedding Primitive......Page 348
5.4.6 Modification of Surface Normal Distribution......Page 351
5.5 A Robust Adaptive 3D Mesh Watermarking Scheme......Page 352
5.5.1 Watermarking Scheme......Page 353
5.5.2 Parameter Control for Watermark Embedding......Page 357
5.5.3 Experimental Results......Page 362
5.6 3D Watermarking in Transformed Domains......Page 366
5.6.1 Mesh Watermarking in Wavelet Transform Domains......Page 367
5.6.2 Mesh Watermarking in the RST Invariant Space......Page 368
5.6.3 Mesh Watermarking Based on the Burt-Adelson Pyramid......Page 369
5.6.4 Mesh Watermarking Based on Fourier Analysis......Page 374
5.6.5 Other Algorithms\r......Page 376
5.7.1 Watermarking Methods for NURBS Curves and Surfaces......Page 377
5.7.3 3D Animation Watermarking\r......Page 378
5.8 Summary......Page 379
References\r......Page 381
6 Reversible Data Hiding in 3D Models......Page 386
6.1.1 Background......Page 387
6.1.2 Requirements and Performance Evaluation Criteria\r......Page 388
6.2.1 Classification of Reversible Data Hiding Schemes......Page 389
6.2.2 Difference-Expansion-Based Reversible Data Hiding......Page 391
6.2.3 Histogram-Shifting-Based Reversible Data Hiding......Page 394
6.2.4 Applications of Reversible Data Hiding for Images\r......Page 395
6.3.1 General System......Page 396
6.3.2 Challenges of 3D Model Reversible Data Hiding......Page 397
6.4 Spatial Domain 3D Model Reversible Data Hiding......Page 398
6.4.1 3D Mesh Authentication......Page 399
6.4.2 Encoding Stage......Page 400
6.4.3 Decoding Stage......Page 402
6.4.4 Experimental Results and Discussions\r......Page 403
6.5 Compressed Domain 3D Model Reversible Data Hiding......Page 405
6.5.1 Scheme Overview......Page 406
6.5.2 Predictive Vector Quantization......Page 407
6.5.3 Data Embedding......Page 408
6.5.5 Performance Analysis......Page 409
6.5.6 Experimental Results......Page 410
6.5.7 Capacity Enhancement\r......Page 412
6.6 Transform Domain Reversible 3D Model Data Hiding......Page 416
6.6.1 Introduction\r......Page 417
6.6.2 Scheme Overview......Page 418
6.6.3 Data Embedding......Page 420
6.6.4 Data Extraction......Page 423
6.6.5 Experimental Results......Page 424
6.6.6 Bit-Shifting-Based Coefficients Modulation\r......Page 425
6.7 Summary......Page 426
References\r......Page 427
Index......Page 432