Three-Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models

Norman Heaps IN MEMORIAM......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 8
1. Introduction......Page 9
2. The Governing Equations......Page 10
3, Vertical Coordinate Representation......Page 13
4. Mode Splitting Technique......Page 14
5. Finite Difference Formulation......Page 15
6. Application: Upwelling Coastal Trapped Waves......Page 19
References......Page 23
1. Introduction......Page 25
2. Formulation of a Turbulence Energy Closure Scheme for Three-Dimensional Shelf Models......Page 28
3. Application to the Modeling of the Tidally Induced Residual Circulation in a Shallow Basin......Page 29
4. Application to the Modeling of Wind-Driven Shallow Water Flow Over Topography......Page 34
5. Application to the Modeling of Storm Surges......Page 44
References......Page 46
1. Introduction......Page 48
2. The Three-Dimensional Tidal Equations......Page 49
3. The Transformation......Page 50
4. The Transformed Equations and Boundary Conditions......Page 52
5. The Finite Difference Grid......Page 53
6. The Finite Difference Scheme......Page 57
7. Wave Propagation Characteristics......Page 60
8. Comparison of Model Results with Exact Solutions......Page 66
Appendix: The Finite Difference Equations......Page 69
Notation......Page 73
References......Page 75
1. Introduction......Page 77
2. Formulation of a Spectral Model......Page 79
3. Form of the Basis Functions......Page 83
4. Galerkin - Eigenfunction Method......Page 87
5. Wind-Induced Circulation in an Open Sea......Page 93
6. Concluding Remarks......Page 108
References......Page 109
2. Physical and Mathematical Aspects of Three-Dimensional Shelf Models......Page 113
3. Numerical Solutions of Tnree-Dimensional Mathematical Models for Nearly Horizontal Flows......Page 116
4. Turbulence Closure......Page 120
5. Applications to Specific Coastal Engineering Problems......Page 123
References......Page 128
I. Introduction......Page 130
2. Method of Computation......Page 131
3. Solutions of Tidal and Residual Currents......Page 138
4. Bottom Boundary Condition......Page 143
5. Boundary Layer Approximation......Page 147
6.Numerical Resolution......Page 148
7. Stratification Effect......Page 149
References......Page 150
Introduction......Page 153
The Three-Dimensional Model......Page 157
Tidal Calibrations......Page 159
Density Driven Circulation......Page 171
Numerical Diffusion......Page 173
Concluding Discussion......Page 176
References......Page 178
Introduction......Page 180
Two-Layer Response to Alongshore Wind Wave......Page 181
Two-Layer Response to Observed Wind......Page 183
Multilevel Temperature Model......Page 186
References......Page 189
2. Hydrographic Features of the Baltic Sea......Page 191
3. The Modeling Equations......Page 192
4. The Structure of the Buoyancy Profile and Parameterization of Fluxes......Page 195
5. Model Results and Discussion......Page 198
Appendix......Page 201
References......Page 202
Formulation of the Problem......Page 203
Methods of Solution of the Formulated Problem......Page 205
Methods of Numerical Solution of Equations with Small Parameter in the Higher Derivatives......Page 206
Mathematical Modeling of the Ekman Boundary Layer......Page 208
References......Page 209