Thirsty Seafarers at Temple B of Kommos: Commercial Districts and the Role of Crete in Phoenician Trading Networks in the Aegean

Cover
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Figures and Tables
	Figure 1.1. Map of the main Aegean sites mentioned throughout the book.
	Figure 1.2. Map of Eastern Mediterranean winds in the summer (Safadi 2016).
	Figure 1.3. Map of Crete detailing the main sites subject to study (by the author).
	Figure 1.4. Kommos, bay showing Papadóplaka (right) and the archaeological settlement (left).
	Figure 1.5. Kommos, general view of the site (by the author).
	Figure 1.6. Kommos, general site plan (Shaw 2000: Fig. 1.6).
	Figure 1.7. Kommos, Southern Area Period Plan (Shaw 2006).
	Figure 1.8. The temples of Kommos (by the author).
	Figure 2.1. Isometric drawing of Temple B with Tripillar Shrine (Shaw 1997: Fig. 4).
	Figure 2.2. Finds associated with the period of Temple A (by the author).
	Figure 2.3. Finds associated with the period of Temple B (by the author).
	Figure 2.4. Finds associated with the period of Temple C (by the author).
	Figure 2.5. Stele from Nora (Shaw 1989: Fig. 15).
	Figure 2.6. Plan of the Shrine at Sarepta (Pritchard 1978: Fig. 125).
	Figure 2.7. Figurine of Sekhmet (Inv. No. ΑΜΗ Υ 593; Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports/HOCRED).
	Figure 2.8. Figurine of Nefertum (Inv. No. ΑΜΗ Υ 594; Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports/HOCRED).
	Figure 2.9. Local ceramics found at Temple B (by the author).
	Figure 2.10. East Greek ceramics from Temple B (by the author).
	Figure 2.11. Oenocoae from Temple B (photographs by J. Shaw, drawings by Callaghan and Johnson 2000: Figs. 247–248).
	Figure 2.12. Phoenician ceramics from the period of Temple A (by the author).
	Figure 2.13. Phoenician storage and transport jars from Temple B (by the author).
	Figure 2.14. Phoenician pottery from Temple B (by the author).
	Figure 2.15. Local pottery from Building Q (by the author).
	Figure 2.16. Phoenician pottery from Building Q (by the author).
	Figure 2.17. Phoenician pottery from Building P (by the author).
	Figure 2.18. East Greek pottery from Building P (by the author).
	Figure 2.19. Phoenician pottery from Building F (by the author).
	Figure 2.20. Commercial inscriptions from Building Q and Temple B (by the author).
	Figure 3.1. Map of Crete showing the sites analysed in this chapter.
	Figure 3.2. View of Heraklion from the East with the Bronze Age Palace of Knossos on the left, Iron Age Fortetsa in the centre, and Agios Yoannis, the Tekke area and Atsalenio to the right.
	Figure 3.3. Knossos, general site plan (Antoniadis 2020: Map 1).
	Figure 3.4. Roman tombs at the Venizeleion Hospital (by the author).
	Figure 3.5. Cippus from Venizeleion Hospital (Kourou and Grammatikaki 1998: Fig. 18.1).
	Figure 3.6. Cippus TT91 S6 from Tyre (Kourou and Grammatikaki 1998: Fig. 19.3).
	Figure 3.7. Cippus from Atsalenio (Kourou 2012: Fig. 6a; after Stampolidis, Karetsou and Kanta 1998: Figure 378).
	Figure 3.8. Stela from Nora (Aubet 2009: Fig. 58. Photograph by Giovanni Tore).
	Figure 3.9. Cippus TT91 S12 from Tyre (Kourou and Karetsou 1998: Fig. 14; after Helen Sader).
	Figure 3.10. Bronze bowl with omphalos and leaves (by the author).
	Figure 3.11. Cypro-Phoenician bronze bowl (by the author)
	Figure 3.12. The area of Knossos-Fortetsa, showing Villa Dionysos in the centre.
	Figure 3.13. Faience figurine of Ptah-Seker (Inv. No. ΑΜΗ Υ 597; Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports/HOCRED).
	Figure 3.14. Faience figurine of Nefertum (Inv. Mo. ΑΜΗ Υ 598; Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports/HOCRED).
	Figure 3.15. Scarabs from Fortetsa (Brock 1975: Pl. 173).
	Figure 3.16. Lekythia from Fortetsa (by the author).
	Figure 3.18. Glass bowl from Fortetsa (by the author).
	Figure 3.19. Faience bowl from the North Cemetery (by the author).
	Figure 3.20. Ape-shaped vase from Fortetsa (by the author).
	Figure 3.22. Bird vase from the North Cemetery (by the author).
	Figure 3.23. Bird vase from Fortetsa (by the author; after Brock 1957: Plate 110).
	Figure 3.25. The site to the north of Andrea Nathena Street.
	Figure 3.26. The site to the south of Andrea Nathena Street.
	Figure 3.27. Tekke Tomb J inscribed bowl (by the author).
	Figure 3.28. Part of the Tekke Jewellery (by the author).
	Figure 3.29. Gold rings from Fortetsa (by the author).
	Figure 3.30. Black-on-Red pottery from Knossos (Hoffman 2000: Pls. 69–70).
	Figure 3.31. Egyptian perfume jar from Fortetsa (by the author).
	Figure 3.32. Phoenician jugs from Fortetsa (Hoffman 2000: Pls. 104–105)
	Figure 3.33. Eleutherna, general site plan.
	Figure 3.34. Orthi Petra, general view of the site.
	Figure 3.35. View of Orthi Petra showing Building A.
	Figure 3.36. Cippus from Eleutherna discovered in 1985 (by the author).
	Figure 3.37. Cippus from Huelva (by the author).
	Figure 3.38. Cippus from Tharros (by the author).
	Figure 3.40. Stele from Tharros (by the author).
	Figure 3.41. Stele from Motya (by the author).
	Figure 3.42. Cippus A1 2001 from Eleutherna (by the author).
	Figure 3.43. Cypriot lekythos (by the author).
	Figure 3.44. Vessel A118 (Kotsonas 2008a: Fig. 70).
	Figure 3.45. Bronze shield from Eleutherna (by the author).
	Figure 3.46. Bronze bowl from Eleutherna (by the author).
	Figure 3.47. Faience Sekhmet from Eleutherna (by the author)
	Figure 3.48. Gold pendant with the Master of Lions (by the author).
	Figure 3.49. Gold pendant with lion head (by the author).
	Figure 3.50. Gold sheet of the sphinxes (by the author).
	Figure 3.51. Gold sheet of the Mistress of Animals (by the author).
	Figure 3.52. Idaean Cave, view of the entrance (by the author).
	Figure 3.53. Shield of Horus (by the author).
	Figure 3.54. Shield of Melkart (by the author).
	Figure 3.55. Shield of the Goats (Inv. No. ΑΜΗ X 01; Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports/HOCRED).
	Figure 3.56. Bronze Bowl from the Idaean Cave (Inv. No. ΑΜΗ X 29; Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports/HOCRED).
	Figure 3.57. Bronze bowl from Nimrud (by the author).
	Figure 3.58. Bronze handle in the shape of a hydria (by the author)
	Figure 3.59. Bronze tripod stand (by the author, after Matthäus 1998).
	Figure 3.60. Gold pendant from the Idaean Cave (by the author).
	Figure 3.61. Faience figurine of Bes (by the author).
	Figure 3.62. Ivory figurine of a lion (by the author).
	Figure 3.63. Ivory sphinxes from the Idaean Cave (by the author).
	Figure 3.65. Double ivory head (by the author).
	Figure 3.66. Interior of the Dictaean Cave.
	Figure 3.67. The Lasithi Plateau.
	Figure 3.68. Figure of Amon-Ra (by the author).
	Figure 3.69. The site of Amnisos.
	Figure 3.70. The location of Amnisos in relation to the sea and the islet.
	Figure 3.71. Sekhmet from Amnisos (by the author).
	Figure 3.72. Astarte from Amnisos (by the author).
	Figure 3.73. Roman theatre, Gortyna.
	Figure 3.74. The Minoan palace of Phaistos and its view of the Mesara Plain.
	Figure 3.75. The area of Kouinavoi and the archaeological site of ancient Eltyna.
	Figure 3.76. Phoenician jug from ancient Eltyna (by the author).
	Figure 3.77. Part of a sistrum with relief of Egyptian Hathor.
	Figure 3.78. Bronze hunters from Syme (by the author).
	Figure 3.79. Bronze Reshef figurine (by the author).
	Figure 3.80. Land routes from Kommos to Gortyna (map developed by the author).
	Figure 3.81. Land routes from north to south (map developed by the author).
	Figure 3.82. Views of the Mesara Plain and its path from the Idaean Cave.
	Figure 3.83. Land routes to the Idaean Cave (map developed by the author).
	Figure 3.84. Land routes from the Idaean Cave to Eleutherna (map developed by the author).
	Figure 3.85. Land routes from Eleutherna to Patso (map developed by the author).
	Figure 3.86. Land routes from the Inatos Cave to the Dictaean Cave (map developed by the author).
	Figure 3.87. Land routes of Crete (map developed by the author).
	Figure 4.1. Select sites for the research (by the author).
	Figure 4.2. Main Cypriot sites mentioned (by the author).
	Figure 4.3. Recreation of the ivory throne from Salamis (by the author).
	Figure 4.4. Cippus from Palaikastro (by the author).
	Figure 4.5. Silver-gilt bowl from Cyprus (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Cesnola Collection).
	Figure 4.6. Red-slipped bowls from Kition (Bikai 2003: Pls. 2, 7).
	Figure 4.7. Jugs with concentric decoration (Bikai 2003: Pls. 5, 7).
	Figure 4.8. Storage jars (Bikai 2003: Pls. 6, 8).
	Figure 4.9. Main Rhodian sites mentioned (by the author).
	Figure 4.10. Map of the cemeteries of Ialyssos (by the author).
	Figure 4.11. Cypriot Black-on-Red bottle and Euboean skyphos from Tsambico Tomb LI (393) (Archaeological Museum of Rhodes).
	Figure 4.12. Faience spoon from Ialyssos (Archaeological Museum of Rhodes).
	Figure 4.13. Sphinx from Ialyssos (Archaeological Museum of Rhodes).
	Figure 4.14. Map of the cemeteries of Kameiros (by the author).
	Figure 4.15. Jewellery from the ‘Tomb of Jewels’, Kameiros (by the author).
	Figure 4.16. Silver plaque (Archaeological Museum of Rhodes).
	Figure 4.17. The Sanctuary of Athena, Kameiros.
	Figure 4.18. Egyptian faience figurines from Kameiros (Archaeological Museum of Rhodes).
	Figure 4.19. Location and plan of the current Temple of Athena at Lindos (by the author).
	Figure 4.20. The Temple of Athena, Lindos.
	Figure 4.21. Lindian scarab depicting Sekhmet (Apostola 2019: Fig. 8.9).
	Figure 4.22. Faience figurines of Egyptian divinities (drawing by the author, after Blinkenberg and Kinch 1931: Pls. 53–54).
	Figure 4.23. Female figurine (by the author).
	Figure 4.24. Map of the location of Vroulia (by the author).
	Figure 4.26. Sphinx from Vroulia (by the author, after Kaninia and Schierup 2014: Fig. 9a).
	Figure 4.27. Dinos, late ‘wild goat’ style (by the author).
	Figure 4.28. Amphorae sherds (drawing by author, after Kinch 1914: Pl. 21, Figs. 1a and 1b).
	Figure 4.29. Map of the island of Samos showing its main sites (by the author).
	Figure 4.30. Aryballos from Samos (Cat. No. A.00174, Archaeological Museum of Samos, Digital Collection, Cat. No. 84/1039; Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Ephorate of Antiquities of Samos and Ikaria).
	Figure 4.31. Late 8th-/early 7th-century BC Amphora from Samos (Cat. No. A.00207, Archaeological Museum of Samos, Digital Collection, Cat. No. 84/1072; Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Ephorate of Antiquities of Samos and Ikaria).
	Figure 4.32. Limestone sphinx from Samos (Cat. No. C.00060, Archaeological Museum of Samos, Digital Collection, Cat. No. Κ/ΚΑ ΕΠΚΑ/84/9; Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Ephorate of Antiquities of Samos and Ikaria).
	Figure 4.33. Wooden kore (by the author).
	Figure 4.35. Aegis of the goddess Sekhmet (Webb 2016: Pl. 12, Fig. 4, Cat. 118).
	Figure 4.36. Bronze Bes with a flute player (Cat. No. B.00353, Archaeological Museum of Samos, Digital Collection, Cat. No. Κ/ΚΑ ΕΠΚΑ/84/502; Samos VIII, Bonn 1972;  Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Ephorate of Antiquities of Samos and Ikaria).
	Figure 4.37. Bronze griffins from Samos (Museum of Samos, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Ephorate of Antiquities of Samos and Ikaria).
	Figure 4.38. Horse blinker from Samos (by the author).
	Figure 4.39. Map of the main Euboean sites examined (by the author).
	Figure 4.40. Plan of the Sanctuary of Apollo, Geometric Phase (courtesy of the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece).
	Figure 4.41. Bronze blinker (Verdan 2013: Pl. 102, Fig. 391. Courtesy of the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece).
	Figure 4.42. Egyptianising female (Verdan 2013: Pl. 102, Fig. 393. Courtesy of the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece).
	Figure 4.43. Recreation of an ivory from Nimrud (by the author, after Barnett 1975: Pl. XXIII, S8).
	Figure 4.44. Faience amulet of Nefertum (Huber 2003: Pl. 130, Fig. O 207. Courtesy of the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece).
	Figure 4.45. Faience amulet of Sekhmet (Huber 2003: Pl. 130, Fig. O 205. Courtesy of the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece).
	Figure 4.46. Near Eastern presence in the Aegean (by the author).
	Figure 4.47. Faience Hathor-like figure-vase (Hölbl 2008: Fig. 182).
	Figure 4.48. Inscribed scarab from the Artemision at Ephesus (Hölbl 2008: Fig. 190 a–b).
	Figure 4.49. Map of the main Corinthian sites (by the author).
	Figure 4.50. Area of Acrocorinth (by the author).
	Figure 4.51. Finds from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore, Corinth: bronze bull, pin, and scarab (Archaeological Museum of Corinth).
	Figure 4.52. Bronze griffin from the Heraion at Perachora (Archaeological Museum of Corinth).
	Figure 4.53. Mask from Artemis Orthia (by the author).
	Figure 4.54. Ivory of a ram from Sparta (by the author).
	Figure 4.55. Ivory plaque from the Temple of Artemis Orthia, Sparta (Kopanias 2009: Fig. 12.1).
	Figure 4.56. Bronze bowl from Olympia (by the author).
	Figure 4.57. Map showing main sea routes (by the author).
	Figure 5.1. Map showing the distribution of the main finds studied.
Abstract
Preface and acknowledgments
Introduction
	Contextual analyses
	Aim and methodology
	The site of Kommos
		Location and context
		The Southern Area
The Commercial temple of Kommos
	Temple B
		The Tripillar Shrine and its architectural resemblances
		Finds
			Terracottas and figurines
			Pottery
				Temples A and B
				Finds from other buildings
				Inscribed ceramics
	The commercial district of Kommos
		Type of settlement
	Observations
Kommos and its connections within Crete
	Knossos
		The site
		Cippi
			Tomb 10 at the Venizeleion Hospital (Sanatorium)
			Tomb III at Atsalenio
		Bronze
		Faience
			Faience figurines from Fortetsa
			Other faience objects from Fortetsa and the North Cemetery
		Animal-shaped vases
		Oriental jewellery and vases
			Tekke Tomb J
			The Khaniale Tekke Tholos Tomb 2
		Pottery: the unguent factory
		Knossos and its overseas contacts
		Observations
	Eleutherna
		Cippi
		The site
		Tomb A1K1
			Pottery
			Bronze
				Bronze bowls
				Bronze shield
			Faience
		Tomb M
		Observations
	The Idaean Cave
		The site
		Bronze
			Bronze shields
			Bronze bowls
			Other bronze objects
		Faience
		Gold
		Glass
		Ivory
		Observations
	Other sites
		The Dictaean Cave
		Amnisos
		Gortyna – Sanctuary of Athena
		Kounavoi – Ancient Eltyna
		Phaistos
		The Syme Cave
		The Inatos Cave
		The Patso Cave
	Land routes
	General observations on Cretan sites
Other possible commercial sanctuaries
	Cyprus
		The temple at Kition
	Rhodes
		The temple at Vroulia
	Samos and the Temple of Hera
	Euboea
		The Sanctuary of Apollo at Eretria
	Further Eastern and Phoenician presence
		Temple areas
			The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
			Corinth
			Artemis Orthia at Sparta
			The Temple of Zeus at Olympia
		The Aegean islands
	Observations
	Sea routes
	General observations on commercial temples
Conclusions
	Chronological and spatial aspects
	Commercial districts: multifunctional buildings and temples
	The nature and direction of traded goods
	Cultural and interactive aspects: hybridisation and identity
	Final remarks
Bibliography
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