Thirst and Sodium Appetite: Physiological Basis

Front Cover......Page 1
Thirst and Sodium Appetite: Physiological Basis......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
Introduction......Page 12
The Sensation of Thirst......Page 14
Oral Influences......Page 16
Ad Libitum Drinking......Page 19
Review and Conclusions......Page 21
The Exchange of Body Fluids......Page 24
The Role of the Kidney......Page 28
Effects of Water Deprivation......Page 30
The Dual Depletion Theory of Thirst......Page 33
Review and Conclusions......Page 34
Introduction......Page 36
Water Intake after Different Hypertonic Solutions......Page 37
Renal Effects of Hypertonicity of Body Fluids......Page 38
Cellular Rehydration as a Satiety Signal......Page 41
Receptor Mechanisms for Cellular Thirst......Page 42
Review and Conclusions......Page 52
Hypovolemia......Page 54
Hemorrhage......Page 56
Hyponatremia......Page 57
Experimental Edema......Page 59
Caval Ligation......Page 62
Beta-Adrenergic Thirst......Page 64
Mechanical Stimulation of Atrial Receptors......Page 66
Atrial Natriuretic Factor......Page 67
Review and Conclusions......Page 69
Introduction......Page 72
The Role of Angiotensin in Thirst......Page 73
The Dipsogenic Properties of Renin and Angiotensin......Page 75
Extracellular Thirst after Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin System......Page 81
Peptide Effects Related to A-II......Page 86
Review and Conclusions......Page 87
Patterns of Drinking......Page 90
Preabsorptive Factors......Page 92
Postabsorptive Factors......Page 100
Relative Contribution of Cellular and Extracellular Satiety Signals......Page 101
Review and Conclusions......Page 103
Hypothalamus......Page 106
Zona Incerta......Page 119
Lateral Preoptic Area......Page 124
Anteroventral Third Ventricle (AV3V)......Page 129
Medial Preoptic Area......Page 131
OVLT and Nucleus Medianus......Page 133
Subfornical Organ......Page 135
Septal Area......Page 136
Review and Conclusions......Page 138
Dipsogenic Effects of Intracranial Renin-Angiotensin......Page 144
Antidipsogenic Effects of A-II Synthesis Inhibitors and Receptor Blockers......Page 146
Pressor Effects of Intracranial Angiotensin......Page 149
Localization of Angiotensin-Sensitive Brain Mechanisms......Page 152
Mechanisms of Action......Page 163
Review and Conclusions......Page 167
Introduction......Page 170
Traditional Neurotransmitters......Page 171
Peptides......Page 176
Endogenous Opioids and Related Compounds......Page 179
Prostaglandins......Page 180
Review and Conclusions......Page 185
Introduction......Page 188
Adrenal Mineralocorticoids......Page 190
The Renin–Angiotensin System......Page 191
Angiotensin–Mineralocorticoid Interactions......Page 197
Atrial Stretch Receptors......Page 200
Peritoneal Glucose Dialysis......Page 201
Extracellular Thirst and Salt Appetite......Page 202
Brain Mechanisms......Page 206
Review and Conclusions......Page 210
Early Questions and Their Contemporary Status......Page 214
The 1950s—A Time of Transition and the Seeds of Controversy......Page 218
The 1960s—A Turn to New Directions......Page 220
The 1970s and 1980s—Increasing Concern with Mechanisms of Action......Page 222
Bibliography......Page 228
Index......Page 290