Think: Sociology - Second Candian Edition

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
01 Sociology
	An Introduction to the Foundations of Sociology
	Get the Topic: What is Sociology?
	Sociology Defined
	Developing a Sociological Imagination
	Émile Durkheim's Theory on Suicide
		Individual Choice and Social Forces
	Think Sociologically: What Are the Four Major Sociological Perspectives?
	The Functionalist Perspective
		Auguste comte
		Herbert Spencer
		Émile Durkheim
		Talcott Parsons
		Robert Merton
		Criticisms of Functionalism
	The Conflict Perspective
		Karl Marx
		W.E.B. Du Bois
		Ralf Dahrendorf
		John Bellamy Foster
		Criticisms of Conflict Theory
	The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
		George Herbert Mead
		Herbert Blumer
		Erving Goffman
		Howard Becker
		Criticisms of Symbolic Interactionism
	The Feminist Perspective
		Liberal vs. Radical Feminism
		Harriet Martineau
		Jane Addams
		Dorothy Smith
		Criticisms of Feminist Theory
	The Four Perspectives—How Are They Interrelated?
		Applying Sociological Theories
	Discover Sociology in Action: Why is Community Learning Important?
	Getting Involved in Sociology—Community Learning
02 SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
	How Do We Learn about Society and Social Behaviour?
	Get the Topic: What Are Research Methods?
	Objectivity
	Scientific Method: What Are the Six Steps of Social Research?
	Variables
		Concepts and Operationalizing Variables
	Cause and Correlation
		Comparative, Cross-Sectional, and Longitudinal Studies
	Quantitative and Qualitative Data
		Populations
		Samples
	Collecting Data
		Survey
		Experiments
		Field Research
		Case Studies
		Ethnography
		Secondary Data Analysis
		Triangulation
		Measures of Central Tendency
		Evaluating Data
		How to Read a Table
	Ethical Concerns
		Research Ethics in Operation
	Think Sociologically: How Do Sociologists Use Research Methods?
	Research Methods and the Four Paradigms
	Discover Sociology in Action: How is Research involved in Social Policy?
	Social Policy and Statistics
03 CULTURE
	A Framework for the Individual
	Get the Topic: What is Culture?
	Cultural Transmission
	Material Culture
	Nonmaterial Culture
		Components of Culture
		Symbols
		language
		Gestures
		Values
		Ideal vs. Real Culture
	Canadian Values
	Norms and Sanctions
		Folkways
		Laws
		Mores
	Cultural Diversity
		Subcultures and Countercultures
		Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
		Cultural Change
	Think Sociologically: How Do the Sociological Perspectives Interpret Culture?
	Symbolic Interactionism—Culture as Interaction
	Functionalism—The Functions of Culture
	Conflict Theory—Cultural Conflict
	Feminist Theory—gender Inequality in Culture
	Discover Sociology in Action: How Does Social Policy Influence Culture?
	Social Policy—Bill 101
04 SOCIALIZATION
	The Process of Fitting Into Society
	Get the Topic: What is Socialization?
	The Nature vs. Nurture Debate—What Makes Us Who We Are?
	Theories of Socialization
		Cooley's Looking-Glass Self
		George Herbert Mead— The Three Stages of the "I–Me" Self
		Erving Goffman— Dramaturgy and the Presentation of Self
		Erik Erikson's Eight Stages of Development
		Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
	Theories of Moral Development
		Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
		Carol Gilligan and the "Morality of Care"
	Agents of Socialization
		The Family
		Peers
		Schools
		The Media
	Can We Be "Resocialized"? Experiencing the Total Institution
	Think Sociologically: How Do the Four Theoretical Perspectives View Socialization?
	Symbolic Interactionism
	Functionalism
	Conflict Theory
	Feminist Theory
	Discover Sociology in Action: How Does Understanding Socialization Help Us Improve Our Society?
	Applying Sociological Thinking in the World, Social Policy, and the canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
05 SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND INTERACTION
	Macro and Micro Orientations
	Get the Topic: What Elements Create the Social Structures?
	Social Structures
		Culture
		Social Class
		Social Status
		Social Roles
		Social Institutions
	Holding Society Together
		Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
		Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
	Get the Topic: What Are the Characteristics of Social Interaction?
	Social Groups
		Primary and Secondary Groups
		In-Groups and Out-Groups
		Reference Groups
		Group Size, Structure, and Interaction
		Leadership Styles
		Conformity
		Social Capital and Social Networks
		Formal Organizations
	Think Sociologically: How Do the Four Perspectives View Social Structures and Social Interaction?
	Functionalism—The Essential Features of Social Structures
		Adaptation and Replacement
		Socialization and Orientation
		Production and Exchange
		Social Order
		Unity and Purpose
	Conflict Theory—Worker Participation
	Feminist Theory—The Gender Wage Gap in Canada
	Symbolic Interactionism—Personal Space
	Discover Sociology in Action: How Can Social Policies Improve Society?
	Social Policy—Childcare in Canada
06 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
	Wealth and Poverty in the World
	Get the Topic: What is Social Stratification?
	Social Stratification Systems
		Slavery
		Caste Systems
		Class Systems
	Get the Topic: What is Global Stratification?
	Global Stratification—No Longer Three Worlds
		Measures of Stratification
		Measures of Stratification in Developed Nations
		Quality of Life
	Think Sociologically: What Causes Global Stratification?
	Walter Rostow's Modernization Theory
	Functionalism
	Immanuel Wallerstein's World Systems Model
	Conflict Theory
		Neocolonialism
		Globalization
	Max Weber's Protestant Ethic
	Symbolic Interactionism
	Feminist Theory
	Discover Sociology in Action: What is Being Done to Assist Poor Countries?
	Social Policy: Foreign Aid
07 SOCIAL CLASS IN CANADA
	Stratification in a Modern Society
	Get the Topic: How is Poverty Defined in Canada?
	Income Distribution
	Wealth Distribution
	How is Poverty Defined in Canada?
		Power
		Prestige
		Class Structure in Canada
		Neighbourhoods and Social Class
	Social Mobility
	Think Sociologically: What is the Class Structure in Canada?
	Functionalism
	Conflict Theory
	Symbolic Interactionism
	Feminist Theory
	Discover Sociology in Action: What Social Policies Have Been Created to Ease Poverty?
	Social Policy: Welfare for the Poor
	Social Policy: Minimum Wage
08 POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
	Growth and Sustainability
	Get the Topic: What is Demography?
	Population by the Numbers
	Tools for Studying Population
		Fertility Rates
		Mortality Rates
		Population Pyramids
		Migration
		Rate of Natural Increase
		Doubling Time
		Population Projections
	Malthusian Theory
	Demographic Transition Theory
	Get the Topic: What is Environmental Sociology?
	Human Ecology
	Sustainable Development
	Deep Ecology
	Ecofeminism
	Resource Management
	Think Sociologically: Climate Change
	Discover Sociology in Action: Can Governments Control Population Growth?
	Population Control Programs
09 RACE AND ETHNICITY
	Is It a Question of Colour?
	Get the Topic: What is the Difference Between Race and Ethnicity?
	Census Definitions
	Racial Stratification in Canada
		Income
		Education
		Minority and Dominant Groups
		Racism
		Prejudice vs. Discrimination
		Patterns of Interaction
		Multiculturalism and Assimilation
		Types of Minority Groups
	Types of Minority Groups
	Think Sociologically: What Causes Racist Attitudes, and How Do These Attitudes Affect People?
	Conflict Theory: Split Labour-Market Theory
	Symbolic Interactionism: Colour-Blind Racism
	Functionalism: Institutional Discrimination in Canada
	Feminist Theory: Intersectionality
	Discover Sociology in Action: How Does Affirmative Action Help Minority Groups in Canada?
	Affirmative Action
10 GENDER AND SEXUALITY
	The Social Side of Sex
	Get the Topic: What is the Difference Between Sex and Gender?
	Sex vs. Gender
		Gender Construction
	Sexuality
		Sexual Orientation
	Patriarchy and Sexism
	Gender Roles
		The Fluidity of Gender Roles: Indonesia's Bugis People
	Gender and Inequality
		Gender and the Workplace
		Gender and the Family
		Gender and Politics
	Think Sociologically: What Are the Sociological Perspectives on Gender and gender Inequality?
	Feminist Theory
	Functionalism
	Conflict Theory
	Symbolic Interactionism
	Discover Sociology in Action: What Policies Are in Place to Prevent Sexual Harassment and Abuse?
	Social Policy—Stopping Sexual Harassment and Abuse
11 AGING AND HEALTH
	The Greying of Society
	Get the Topic: How Do Health and Aging Affect Stratification?
	Health Defined
		Social Epidemiology
	Health in Canada: Living Off the Fat of the Land
		Childhood Obesity
		Stigmatization of the Obese
		Obesity and Race
	Health Care in Canada
	Aging: the Greying of Canada
		Aging and Demographic Change in Canada
		Concerns About Aging
	Think Sociologically: What Theories Exist About the Aging Process?
	Functionalism—Disengaging from Society
	Symbolic Interactionism—Living An Active Lifestyle
	Conflict Theory—Aging and Inequality
	Feminist Theory—gender Differences in Aging
	Discover Sociology in Action: How Do We Take Care of Retired Canadians?
	Taking Care of Retired Canadians
12 DEVIANCE AND CRIME
	How Do Societies Respond to Deviance And Crime?
	Get the Topic: What Are Deviance and Crime?
	Deviance vs. Crime
		What is Deviance?
	Crime Statistics
		The Uniform Crime Reporting Survey and the General Social Survey—Victimization
		Crime Trends
	Societal Responses to Deviance and Crime
		Stigma
		Shaming
		Punishment
		Prison and the Characteristics of Prison Inmates
	Think Sociologically: Why Do Deviance and Crime Exist?
	Historical Roots of Deviance and Crime Theories
		The Classical School
		Rational Choice Theory
		The Positivist School
	Sociological Theories
		Functionalism—Functions of Deviance
		Strain Theory
		Conflict Theory—inequality Between Social Groups
		Symbolic Interactionism—learning and Labelling
		Differential Association Theory
		Labelling Theory
		Social Control Theories
	Feminist Theory
	Discover Sociology in Action: How Do We Deal with Crime in Canada?
	Crime Control: the Criminal Justice System
		Police
		Courts
		Correctional Services
13 THE FAMILY
	How Do Societies Perpetuate Themselves?
	Get the Topic: What is a Family?
	Defining Family
		Family Forms
		Other Family Forms
	Forms of Marriage
	Trends of the Canadian Family
	Courtship and Mate Selection
	Issues in the Family
	Think Sociologically: Is the Family in Decline?
	Symbolic Interactionism
	Feminist Theory
	Conflict Theory
	Functionalism
	Discover Sociology in Action: How Are Families Changing?
	Same-Sex Marriage in Canada
14 EDUCATION AND RELIGION
	How Do Societies Pass on Information?
	Get the Topic: How Do Societies Pass on Information?
	Education in Society
		Myths of Modern Education
		Education Throughout the World
		Education in Canada
	Think Sociologically: How Does Education Affect Society?
	Symbolic Interactionism: Teacher Expectancy
	Functionalism: Functions of Education
	Conflict Theory: The Hidden Curriculum
	Feminist Theory: Gender and Education
		Education and Religion
	Religion in Society
		Types of Religion
		Organization in Religion
		Religious Practices
		Religion and the Economy
		Changes in Religion
		Religion in Canada
	Think Sociologically: How Does Religion Affect Society?
	Symbolic Interactionism: Sacred and Profane
	Functionalism: Solidarity Through Worship
	Conflict Theory: Religion and Inequality
	Feminist Theory: The Patriarchal Nature of Religion
	Discover Sociology in Action: What Social Policies Help Children Get a Better Education?
	Improving Education with Africentric Schooling
15 COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
	How Do Societies Change?
	Get the Topic: What Drives Social Change?
	Shifts in Society
		Stages of Social Change
		Resistance to Change
	Collective Behaviour
		Theories of Collective Behaviour
	Social Movements
		Stages of Social Movements
		Types of Social Movements
	Think Sociologically: What Are the Theories Behind Social Movements?
	Conflict Theory: Deprivation
	Functionalism: Value-Added Theory
	Symbolic Interactionism: Framing Processes
	Feminist Theory: An On-Going Social Movement
		First-Wave Feminism
		Second-Wave Feminism
		Third-Wave Feminism
	Discover Sociology in Action: How Do Social Movements influence Society?
	Social Policy: Government Cash for Clunkers
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Endnotes
Index
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