Thermophysical Properties of Heavy Petroleum Fluids

Preface
Contents
About the Authors
1 Introduction
	1.1 Characteristics of Heavy Petroleum
		1.1.1 Physical Analysis
		1.1.2 Chemical Analysis
		1.1.3 Modelling
	References
2 Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics
	2.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics
	2.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
	2.3 Fundamental Expressions of Thermodynamics
	2.4 Spontaneity and Equilibrium Criteria
	2.5 Additivity Rules and the Gibbs–Duhem Equation
	2.6 Thermodynamic Potentials from the Ideal Gas Behavior
	2.7 Thermodynamic Potentials from the Ideal Solution Behavior
	References
3 Cubic Equations of State
	3.1 Analytic Solution of Cubic Equations
	3.2 Phase Identification and Extrapolation
	3.3 Fugacity Coefficient
	3.4 Mixing Rules
		3.4.1 Mixing Rules Based on Excess Gibbs Energy Models
		3.4.2 Huron-Vidal
		3.4.3 Modified Huron—Vidal Mixing Rule
		3.4.4 UNIFAC Solution Model
		3.4.5 Universal Mixing Rule
		3.4.6 Predictive-PR78 and VTPR Equations
	3.5 Volume Translation
	3.6 CEoS Parameters for Heavy Petroleum Fractions
		3.6.1 Correlations for Estimating Critical Properties and Acentric Factor
		3.6.2 Estimation of Parameters from Chemical Pseudostructures
	References
4 PC-SAFT Equation of State
	4.1 Compressibility Factor for Non-associating Systems
	4.2 Fugacity Coefficient for Non-associating Systems
	4.3 Estimation of PC-SAFT Parameters for Petroleum Fractions
		4.3.1 Correlations in Terms of Molecular Weight and Compositional Analysis
		4.3.2 Correlations in Terms of Molecular Weight and Specific Gravity
		4.3.3 Correlations in Terms of Normal Boiling Temperature and Specific Gravity
		4.3.4 Estimation of Parameters from Chemical Pseudostructures
	4.4 PC-SAFT Parameters for Heavy Petroleum Fractions
		4.4.1 Generalized Pseudocomponents
		4.4.2 Lumping Processes for PC-SAFT Parameters
	References
5 Characterization of Petroleum Fractions
	5.1 Distribution Function and Its Properties
	5.2 Carbon Number Fractions
	5.3 Continuous Description
	5.4 Strategies of Characterization
	References
6 Phase Equilibrium
	6.1 Fundamental Relationships
	6.2 Stability Analysis
	6.3 Two-Phase Equilibrium
	6.4 Multiphase Equilibrium
	6.5 Phase Envelopes of Reservoir Fluids
	6.6 Solvent-Heavy Oil
		6.6.1 Gases and Light Hydrocarbons
		6.6.2 The sPC-SAFT Equation of State
		6.6.3 Cubic Equations of State
		6.6.4 Asphaltenes Onset
	6.7 Water-Heavy Petroleum Fluids
		6.7.1 Compressibility and Fugacity Factors for Associating Systems
	6.8 Determination of Molecular Weight
	References
7 Chemical Reaction Equilibrium
	7.1 Ideal Gas Heat Capacity
	7.2 Formation Enthalpy
		7.2.1 Heat Combustion
	7.3 Degree of Advancement
	7.4 Formation Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium Constant
		7.4.1 Effect of Temperature on the Equilibrium Constant
	7.5 The Non-stoichiometric Method
	References
8 Rheology
	8.1 Newtonian Model
		8.1.1 Newtonian Constitutive Equation
		8.1.2 API Procedure
		8.1.3 Expanded Fluid-Based Viscosity Correlation
	8.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids
		8.2.1 Inelastic Models
		8.2.2 Linear Viscoelastic Measurements
		8.2.3 Thixotropy
		8.2.4 Final Remarks
	References
Appendix A Conversion Factors and the Universal Gas Constant
Appendix B Excel Program for the Thermodynamic Characterization of Unidentifiable Petroleum Fractions