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دسته بندی: حرارت ویرایش: 9th نویسندگان: Çengel, Yunus A. Boles, Michael A. Kanoğlu, Mehmet سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9781259822674 ناشر: McGraw-Hill سال نشر: 2019 تعداد صفحات: 1009 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 139 مگابایت
کلمات کلیدی مربوط به کتاب ترمودینامیک: یک رویکرد مهندسی، ویرایش نهم: ترمودینامیک
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب THERMODYNAMICS: AN ENGINEERING APPROACH, NINTH EDITION به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب ترمودینامیک: یک رویکرد مهندسی، ویرایش نهم نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
DVD-ROM همراه شامل نسخه آکادمیک محدود نرم افزار EES (حل معادلات مهندسی) با راه حل های اسکریپت شده برای مسائل متن انتخاب شده است.
Accompanying DVD-ROM contains the Limited Academic Version of EES (Engineering Equation Solver) software with scripted solutions to selected text problems.
Cover Title Copyright Quotes on Ethics About the Authors Preface Online Resources for Students and Instructors Brief Contents Contents (direct linking) 1- INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1–1: THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY Application Areas of Thermodynamics 1–2: IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND UNITS Some SI and English Units Dimensional Homogeneity Unity Conversion Ratios 1–3: SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES 1–4: PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM Continuum 1–5: DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1–6: STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM The State Postulate 1–7: PROCESSES AND CYCLES 1–8: TEMPERATURE AND THE ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Temperature Scales The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) 1–9: PRESSURE Variation of Pressure with Depth 1–10: PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES The Barometer The Manometer Other Pressure Measurement Devices 1–11: PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE Step 1: Problem Statement Step 2: Schematic Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations Step 4: Physical Laws Step 5: Properties Step 6: Calculations Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion Engineering Software Packages Equation Solvers A Remark on Significant Digits SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS PROBLEMS* 2- ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS 2–1: INTRODUCTION 2–2: FORMS OF ENERGY Some Physical Insight to Internal Energy More on Nuclear Energy Mechanical Energy 2–3: ENERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT Historical Background on Heat 2–4: ENERGY TRANSFER BY WORK Electrical Work 2–5: MECHANICAL FORMS OF WORK Shaft Work Spring Work Work Done on Elastic Solid Bars Work Associated with the Stretching Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body Nonmechanical Forms of Work 2–6: THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Energy Balance Energy Change of a System, ΔEsystem Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout 2–7: ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES Efficiencies of Mechanical and Electrical Devices 2–8: ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Ozone and Smog Acid Rain The Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming and Climate Change Topic of Special Interest: Mechanisms of Heat Transfer SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS PROBLEMS* 3- PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 3–1: PURE SUBSTANCE 3–2: PHASES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE 3–3: PHASE-CHANGE PROCESSES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Compressed Liquid and Saturated Liquid Saturated Vapor and Superheated Vapor Saturation Temperature and Saturation Pressure Some Consequences of Tsat and Psat Dependence 3–4: PROPERTY DIAGRAMS FOR PHASE-CHANGE PROCESSES 1 The T-v Diagram 2 The P-v Diagram Extending the Diagrams to Include the Solid Phase 3 The P-T Diagram The P-v-T Surface 3–5: PROPERTY TABLES Enthalpy—A Combination Property 1a Saturated Liquid and Saturated 1b Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture 2 Superheated Vapor 3 Compressed Liquid Reference State and Reference Values 3–6: THE IDEAL-GAS EQUATION OF STATE Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas? 3–7: COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR—A MEASURE OF DEVIATION FROM IDEAL-GAS BEHAVIOR 3–8: OTHER EQUATIONS OF STATE van der Waals Equation of State Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State Virial Equation of State Topic of Special Interest: Vapor Pressure and Phase Equilibrium SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS PROBLEMS* 4- ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS 4–1: MOVING BOUNDARY WORK Polytropic Process 4–2: ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS 4–3: SPECIFIC HEATS 4–4: INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases 4–5: INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS Internal Energy Changes Enthalpy Changes Topic of Special Interest: Thermodynamic Aspects of Biological Systems SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS PROBLEMS* 5- MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES 5–1: CONSERVATION OF MASS Mass and Volume Flow Rates Conservation of Mass Principle Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes Special Case: Incompressible Flow 5–2: FLOW WORK AND THE ENERGY OF A FLOWING FLUID Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid Energy Transport by Mass 5–3: ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY-FLOW SYSTEMS 5–4: SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES 1 Nozzles and Diffusers 2 Turbines and Compressors 3 Throttling Valves 4a Mixing Chambers 4b Heat Exchangers 5 Pipe and Duct Flow 5–5: ENERGY ANALYSIS OF UNSTEADY-FLOW PROCESSES Topic of Special Interest: General Energy Equation SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS PROBLEMS* 6- THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 6–1: INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND LAW 6–2: THERMAL ENERGY RESERVOIRS 6–3: HEAT ENGINES Thermal Efficiency Can We Save Qout? The Second Law of Thermodynamics: 6–4: REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS Coefficient of Performance Heat Pumps Performance of Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Equivalence of the Two Statements 6–5: PERPETUAL-MOTION MACHINES 6–6: REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES Irreversibilities Internally and Externally Reversible Processes 6–7: THE CARNOT CYCLE The Reversed Carnot Cycle 6–8: THE CARNOT PRINCIPLES 6–9: THE THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE SCALE 6–10: THE CARNOT HEAT ENGINE The Quality of Energy Quantity versus Quality in Daily Life 6–11:THE CARNOT REFRIGERATOR AND HEAT PUMP Topic of Special Interest: Household Refrigerators SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS PROBLEMS* 7- ENTROPY 7–1: ENTROPY A Special Case: Internally Reversible Isothermal Heat Transfer Processes 7–2: The Increase of Entropy Principle Some Remarks About Entropy 7–3: Entropy Change of Pure Substances 7–4: Isentropic Processes 7–5: Property Diagrams Involving Entropy 7–6: WHAT IS ENTROPY? Entropy and Entropy Generation in Daily Life 7–7: The T ds Relations 7–8: Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids 7–9: The Entropy Change of Ideal Gases Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis) Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis) Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis) Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis) Relative Pressure and Relative Specific Volume 7–10: Reversible Steady-Flow Work Proof that Steady-Flow Devices Deliver the Most and Consume the Least Work When the Process Is Reversible 7–11: Minimizing the Compressor Work Multistage Compression with Intercooling 7–12: Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices Isentropic Efficiency of Turbines Isentropic Efficiencies of Compressors and Pumps Isentropic Efficiency of Nozzles 7–13: Entropy Balance Entropy Change of a System, ΔSsystem Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout 1 Heat Transfer 2 Mass Flow Entropy Generation, Sgen Closed Systems Control Volumes Entropy Generation Associated with a Heat Transfer Process Topic of Special Interest: Reducing the Cost of Compressed Air SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS PROBLEMS* 8- EXERGY 8–1: Exergy: Work Potential of Energy Exergy (Work Potential) Associated with Kinetic and Potential Energy 8–2: Reversible Work and Irreversibility 8–3: Second-Law Efficiency 8–4: EXERGY CHANGE OF A SYSTEM Exergy of a Fixed Mass: Nonflow (or Closed System) Exergy Exergy of a Flow Stream: Flow (or Stream) Exergy 8–5: Exergy Transfer by Heat, Work, and Mass Exergy Transfer by Heat, Q Exergy Transfer by Work, W Exergy Transfer by Mass, m 8–6: The Decrease of Exergy Principle and Exergy Destruction Exergy Destruction 8–7: Exergy Balance: Closed Systems 8–8: Exergy Balance: Control Volumes Exergy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems Reversible Work Second-Law Efficiency of Steady-Flow Devices Topic of Special Interest: Second-Law Aspects of Daily Life SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS PROBLEMS* 9- GAS POWER CYCLES 9–1: Basic Considerations in the Analysis of Power Cycles 9–2: The Carnot Cycle and its Value in Engineering 9–3: Air-Standard Assumptions 9–4: An Overview of Reciprocating Engines 9–5: Otto Cycle: the Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition Engines 9–6: Diesel Cycle: the Ideal Cycle for Compression-Ignition Engines 9–7: Stirling and Ericsson Cycles 9–8: Brayton Cycle: the Ideal Cycle for Gas-Turbine Engines Development of Gas Turbines Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles 9–9: The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration 9–10: The Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating, and Regeneration 9–11: Ideal Jet-Propulsion Cycles Modifications to Turbojet Engines 9–12: Second-Law Analysis of Gas Power Cycles Topic of Special Interest: Saving Fuel and Money by Driving Sensibly SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS PROBLEMS* 10- VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER CYCLES 10–1: The Carnot Vapor Cycle 10–2: Rankine Cycle: the Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle 10–3: Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles From Idealized Ones 10–4: How Can we Increase the Efficiency of the Rankine Cycle? Lowering the Condenser Pressure (Lowers Tlow,avg) Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures (Increases Thigh,avg) Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases Thigh,avg) 10–5: The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle 10–6: The Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle Open Feedwater Heaters Closed Feedwater Heaters 10–7: Second-Law Analysis of Vapor Power Cycles 10–8: Cogeneration 10–9: Combined Gas–Vapor Power Cycles Topic of Special Interest: Binary Vapor Cycles SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS PROBLEMS* 11- REFRIGERATION CYCLES 11–1: Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 11–2: The Reversed Carnot Cycle 11–3: The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 11–4: Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 11–5: Second-Law Analysis of Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 11–6: Selecting the Right Refrigerant 11–7: Heat Pump Systems 11–8: Innovative Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems Cascade Refrigeration Systems Multistage Compression Refrigeration Systems Multipurpose Refrigeration Systems with a Single Compressor Liquefaction of Gases 11–9: Gas Refrigeration Cycles 11–10: Absorption Refrigeration Systems Topic of Special Interest: Thermoelectric Power Generation and Refrigeration Systems SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS PROBLEMS* 12- THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY RELATIONS 12–1: A Little Math—Partial Derivatives and Associated Relations Partial Differentials Partial Differential Relations 12–2: The Maxwell Relations 12–3: The Clapeyron Equation 12–4: General Relations for du, dh, ds, cv, and cp Internal Energy Changes Enthalpy Changes Entropy Changes Specific Heats cv and cp 12–5: The Joule-Thomson Coefficient 12–6: The Δh, Δu, and Δs of Real Gases Enthalpy Changes of Real Gases Internal Energy Changes of Real Gases Entropy Changes of Real Gases SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS PROBLEMS* 13- GAS MIXTURES 13–1: Composition of a Gas Mixture: Mass and Mole Fractions 13–2: P-v-T Behavior of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases Ideal-Gas Mixtures Real-Gas Mixtures 13–3: Properties of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases Ideal-Gas Mixtures Real-Gas Mixtures Topic of Special Interest: Chemical Potential and the Separation Work of Mixtures SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS PROBLEMS* 14- GAS–VAPOR MIXTURES AND AIR-CONDITIONING 14–1: Dry and Atmospheric Air 14–2: Specific and Relative Humidity of air 14–3: Dew-Point Temperature 14–4: Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 14–5: The Psychrometric Chart 14–6: Human Comfort and Air-Conditioning 14–7: Air-Conditioning Processes Simple Heating and Cooling (ω = constant) Heating with Humidification Cooling with Dehumidification Evaporative Cooling Adiabatic Mixing of Airstreams Wet Cooling Towers SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS PROBLEMS* 15- CHEMICAL REACTIONS 15–1: Fuels and Combustion 15–2: Theoretical and Actual Combustion Processes 15–3: Enthalpy of Formation and Enthalpy of Combustion 15–4: First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems Steady-Flow Systems Closed Systems 15–5: Adiabatic Flame Temperature 15–6: Entropy Change of Reacting Systems 15–7: Second-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems Topic of Special Interest: Fuel Cells SUMMARY References and Suggested Readings PROBLEMS 16- CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIUM 16–1: Criterion for Chemical Equilibrium 16–2: The Equilibrium Constant for Ideal-Gas Mixtures 16–3: Some Remarks about the KP of Ideal-Gas Mixtures 16–4: Chemical Equilibrium for Simultaneous Reactions 16–5: Variation of KP with Temperature 16–6: PHASE EQUILIBRIUM Phase Equilibrium for a Single-Component System The Phase Rule Phase Equilibrium for a Multicomponent System SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS PROBLEMS 17- COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 17–1: Stagnation Properties 17–2: Speed of Sound and Mach Number 17–3: One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow Variation of Fluid Velocity with Flow Area Property Relations for Isentropic Flow of Ideal Gases 17–4: Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles Converging Nozzles Converging–Diverging Nozzles 17–5: Shock Waves and Expansion Waves Normal Shocks Oblique Shocks Prandtl–Meyer Expansion Waves 17–6: Duct Flow with Heat Transfer and Negligible Friction (Rayleigh Flow) Property Relations for Rayleigh Flow Choked Rayleigh Flow 17–7: Steam Nozzles SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS PROBLEMS 18- RENEWABLE ENERGY APPENDICES 1: PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) Table A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Table A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases Table A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods Table A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table Table A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table Table A–6 Superheated water Table A–7 Compressed liquid water Table A–8 Saturated ice–water vapor Figure A–9 T-s diagram for water Figure A–10 Mollier diagram for water Table A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table Table A–12 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table Table A–13 Superheated refrigerant-134a Figure A–14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a Figure A–15 Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility charts Table A–16 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Table A–17 Ideal-gas properties of air Table A–18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 Table A–19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 Table A–20 Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 Table A–21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO Table A–22 Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2 Table A–23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O Table A–24 Ideal-gas properties of monatomic oxygen, O Table A–25 Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH Table A–26 Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 25°C, 1 atm Table A–27 Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons Table A–28 Natural logarithms of the equilibrium constant Kp Figure A–29 Generalized enthalpy departure chart Figure A–30 Generalized entropy departure chart Figure A–31 Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure Table A–32 One-dimensional isentropic compressible-flow functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4 Table A–33 One-dimensional normal-shock functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4 Table A–34 Rayleigh flow functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4 2: PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS) Table A–1E Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Table A–2E Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases Table A–3E Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods Table A–4E Saturated water—Temperature table Table A–5E Saturated water—Pressure table Table A–6E Superheated water Table A–7E Compressed liquid water Table A–8E Saturated ice–water vapor Figure A–9E T-s diagram for water Figure A–10E Mollier diagram for water Table A–11E Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table Table A–12E Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table Table A–13E Superheated refrigerant-134a Figure A–14E P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a Table A–16E Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Table A–17E Ideal-gas properties of air Table A–18E Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 Table A–19E Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 Table A–20E Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 Table A–21E Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO Table A–22E Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2 Table A–23E Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O Table A–26E Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 77°F, 1 atm Table A–27E Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons Figure A–31E Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure Index NOMENCLATURE CONVERSION FACTORS 18- Renewable Energy (from 8th ed 2015) Contents Objectives 18–1 Introduction 18–2 Solar Energy 18–3 Wind Energy 18–4 Hydropower 18–5 Geothermal Energy 18–6 Biomass Energy Summary References and Suggested Reading Problems