Thermodynamics For Dummies

Thermodynamics For Dummies......Page 1
 About the Author......Page 5
 Author’s Acknowledgments......Page 7
 Contents at a Glance......Page 9
 Table of Contents......Page 11
  About This Book......Page 19
  What You’re Not to Read......Page 20
  How This Book Is Organized......Page 21
  Icons Used in This Book......Page 23
  Where to Go from Here......Page 24
 Part I: Covering the Basics in Thermodynamics......Page 25
   Grasping Thermodynamics......Page 27
   Examining Energy’s Changing Forms......Page 28
   Watching Energy and Work in Action......Page 30
   Getting into Real Gases, Gas Mixtures, and Combustion Reactions......Page 31
   Discovering Old Names and New Ways of Saving Energy......Page 32
  Chapter 2: Laying the Foundation of Thermodynamics......Page 33
   Defining Important Thermodynamic Properties......Page 34
   Understanding Thermodynamic Processes......Page 47
   Discovering Nature’s Law and Order on Temperature, Energy, and Entropy......Page 52
  Chapter 3: Working with Phases and Properties of Substances......Page 57
   It’s Just a Phase: Describing Solids, Liquids, and Gases......Page 58
   Knowing How Phase Changes Occur......Page 63
   Finding Thermodynamic Properties from Tables......Page 68
   Good Gases Have Ideal Behavior......Page 72
  Chapter 4: Work and Heat Go Together Like Macaroni and Cheese......Page 75
   Work Can Do Great Things......Page 76
   Heating Things Up, Cooling Things Down......Page 85
 Part II: Employing the Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 93
   Conserving Mass in a Closed System......Page 95
   Balancing Energy in a Closed System......Page 96
   Applying the First Law to Ideal-Gas Processes......Page 99
   Applying the First Law to Processes with Liquids and Solids......Page 106
   Conserving Mass in an Open System......Page 109
   Balancing Mass and Energy in a System......Page 112
   When Time Stands Still: The Steady State Process......Page 113
   Using the First Law on Four Common Open-System Processes......Page 115
   When Time Is of the Essence: The Transient Process......Page 124
  Chapter 7: Governing Heat Engines and Refrigerators with the Second Law......Page 129
   Defining Thermal Energy Reservoirs......Page 130
   Working with the Kelvin-Planck Statement on Heat Engines......Page 132
   Chilling with the Clausius Statement on Refrigeration......Page 136
  Chapter 8: Entropy Is the Demise of the Universe......Page 141
   What Is Entropy?......Page 142
   Coping with the Increase in Entropy Principle......Page 144
   Working with T-s Diagrams......Page 146
   Using T-ds Relationships......Page 148
   Calculating Entropy Change......Page 149
   Analyzing Isentropic Processes......Page 157
   Balancing Entropy in a System......Page 161
  Chapter 9: Analyzing Systems Using the Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 163
   Measuring Work Potential with Energy Availability......Page 164
   Determining the Change in Availability......Page 165
   Balancing the Availability of a System......Page 174
   Understanding the Decrease in Availability Principle......Page 177
   Figuring Out Reversible Work and Irreversibility......Page 178
   Calculating the Second-Law Efficiency of a System......Page 180
 Part III: Planes, Trains, and Automobiles: Making Heat Work for You......Page 183
  Chapter 10: Working with Carnot and Brayton Cycles......Page 185
   Analyzing the Ideal Heat Engine: The Carnot Cycle......Page 186
   Working with the Ideal Gas Turbine Engine: The Brayton Cycle......Page 190
   Improving the Brayton Cycle with Regeneration......Page 202
   Adding Intercooling and Reheating to the Brayton Cycle......Page 204
   Deviating from Ideal Behavior: Actual Brayton Cycle Performance......Page 208
   Flying the Brayton Cycle in Jet Propulsion......Page 209
   Understanding the Basics of Reciprocating Engines......Page 215
   Working with the Ideal Spark Ignition Engine: The Otto Cycle......Page 219
   Working with the Ideal Compression Ignition Engine: The Diesel Cycle......Page 230
  Chapter 12: Working with Rankine Cycles......Page 239
   Understanding the Basics of the Rankine Cycle......Page 240
   Examining the Four Processes of the Rankine Cycle......Page 241
   Analyzing the Cycle Using Steam Tables......Page 244
   Improving the Rankine Cycle with Reheat......Page 248
   Improving the Rankine Cycle with Regeneration......Page 251
   Deviating from Ideal Behavior: Actual Rankine Cycle Performance......Page 257
  Chapter 13: Cooling Off with Refrigeration Cycles......Page 261
   Chilling with the Reverse Brayton Cycle......Page 262
   Cooling with the Vapor-Compression Refrigerator......Page 270
   Warming Up with Heat Pumps......Page 278
 Part IV: Handling Thermodynamic Relationships, Reactions, and Mixtures......Page 283
  Chapter 14: Understanding the Behavior of Real Gases......Page 285
   Deviating from Ideal-Gas Behavior: Real-Gas Behavior......Page 286
   Determining Properties with the Compressibility Factor......Page 288
   Finding Pressure with van der Waals......Page 292
  Chapter 15: Mixing Gases That Don’t React with Each Other......Page 295
   Determining Thermodynamic Properties for a Mixture of Gases......Page 296
   Getting the Compressibility Factor for Real-Gas Mixtures......Page 300
   Working with Psychrometrics: Air and Water Vapor Mixtures......Page 306
   Making Life Comfortable with Air Conditioning......Page 315
  Chapter 16: Burning Up with Combustion......Page 321
   Forming Combustion Reaction Equations......Page 322
   Defining Combustion-Related Thermodynamic Properties......Page 325
   Using the First Law of Thermodynamics on Steady-Flow Combustion Systems......Page 332
   Analyzing an Example Steady-Flow System......Page 333
   Analyzing an Example Closed System......Page 336
   Ouch! That’s Hot: Determining the Adiabatic Flame Temperature......Page 339
   Figuring Out an Example Adiabatic Flame Temperature......Page 340
 Part V: The Part of Tens......Page 343
   George Brayton......Page 345
   Rudolf Diesel......Page 346
   Nikolaus August Otto......Page 347
   James Watt......Page 348
   Two-Stroke Engines......Page 349
   Wankel Engines......Page 350
   The Stirling Cycle......Page 351
   The Ericsson Cycle......Page 352
   The Miller Cycle......Page 353
   The Absorption Cycle......Page 354
   The Einstein Cycle......Page 355
   Combined-Cycle Engines......Page 356
   Binary Vapor Cycles......Page 357
 Appendix: Thermodynamic Property Tables......Page 359
 Index......Page 369