Thermally Stable and Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites

Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 18
Part I Thermal stability......Page 20
1.1 Introduction......Page 22
1.2 Evaluation of thermal behavior......Page 28
1.3 Thermal stability of modified clays and nanocomposites......Page 31
References......Page 44
2.2 Changes in properties of organically modified layered silicates as a result of thermal degradation......Page 48
2.3 Mechanism of thermal degradation of organic modifiers and organically modified layered silicates......Page 49
2.3.1 Ammonium salts and ammonium-modified layered silicates......Page 50
2.3.2 Phosphonium salts and phosphonium-modified layered silicates......Page 59
2.3.3 Pyridinium salts and pyridinium-modified layered silicates......Page 61
2.3.4 Imidazolium salts and imidazolium-modified layered silicates......Page 62
2.3.5 Silane-grafted organoclays......Page 63
2.4 Role of catalytic activity of clay minerals in the mechanism of organically modified layered silicate degradation......Page 64
2.5.1 Excess organic treatment......Page 67
2.5.3 Chemical constitution of surfactant......Page 70
2.5.3.1 Number and length of alkyl chains......Page 71
2.5.3.2 Presence of aromatic structures......Page 72
2.6 Conclusions......Page 73
References......Page 74
3.1 Introduction......Page 83
3.2.1 Thermal stability of organoclays......Page 84
3.3 Polystyrene/clay nanocomposites from thermally stable organoclays......Page 86
3.3.1.1 Ammonium/amine surfactants......Page 88
3.3.1.2 Phosphonium......Page 92
3.3.1.3 Imidazolium......Page 95
3.3.1.4 Miscellaneous......Page 99
3.3.2 Polystyrene/clay nanocomposites from reactive thermally stable organoclays......Page 101
3.3.3 Polystyrene/clay nanocomposites from polymer/oligomer modified organoclays......Page 103
3.4 Factors influencing the selection of clay modifiers......Page 109
References......Page 112
4.1 Introduction......Page 119
4.2.1 Challenges of PET nanocomposite formation......Page 120
4.2.2 High–thermal stability surfactants for PET nanocomposites......Page 122
4.3 Characterization and performance of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/clay
nanocomposites......Page 125
4.3.1 Filler dispersion and composite morphology......Page 126
4.3.2 Mechanical properties......Page 128
4.3.3 Thermal and fire properties......Page 131
4.5.1 Synthesis of alkylimidazoles......Page 134
4.5.4 Preparation of PET nanocomposites......Page 135
References......Page 136
5.1.1 Introduction......Page 140
5.1.2 Practical limitations of thermally stable modification of clay......Page 141
5.2.1 4,'4-bis(4-aminophenoxy)phenylsulfone-modified clay......Page 142
5.2.2 Dispersion of MMT-BAPS particles in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solvent......Page 145
5.2.3 Dispersion of MMT-BAPS particles in R-BAPS type polyimides and oligoimides......Page 147
5.3 Novel polyimide nanocomposites based on silicate nanoparticles with different morphology......Page 150
5.3.1 Silicate nanotubes and ZrO2 nanoparticles......Page 151
5.3.2 Rheology of oligoimide nanocomposites filled with silicate nanoparticles with different morphology......Page 152
5.3.3 Processing of PI/MMT–BAPS nanocomposite thin films and sheets by solvent casting and compression molding respectively......Page 154
5.3.4 Properties of PI nanocomposites containing silicate nanoparticles......Page 155
5.4 Conclusions and outlook......Page 157
References......Page 159
6.1 Introduction......Page 162
6.2.2 Fabrication and properties of clay nanocomposites......Page 163
6.3 Ionic liquids......Page 167
6.4 Clay modification with thermally stable ionic liquids......Page 168
6.5 Polyolefins containing nanoclays modified with thermally stable ionic liquids......Page 170
6.6 Polylactic acid composites......Page 172
6.7 Conclusions......Page 174
References......Page 175
Part II Flame retardancy......Page 178
7.1 Introduction......Page 180
7.2 Clay chemistry......Page 181
7.3 Polymer–clay nanocomposites......Page 182
7.4 Flame retardation by polymer–clay nanocomposites......Page 185
7.5 Ethylene vinyl acetate and polyethylene nanocomposites for wire and cable applications......Page 189
References......Page 201
8.1 Introduction......Page 205
8.2.1 Characterization of dispersion......Page 208
8.2.2 Viscosity......Page 209
8.3 Thermogravimetric analysis......Page 211
8.4 Cone calorimetry......Page 213
8.4.1 Time to ignition......Page 214
8.4.2 Heat release rate......Page 215
8.4.3 Smoke, CO, and CO2 production......Page 216
8.4.4 Mechanism of action of nanoparticles......Page 217
8.5 Polymer blend nanocomposites combined with additional materials......Page 218
8.5.2 TGA......Page 219
8.5.3 Time to ignition......Page 220
8.5.4 HRR......Page 221
8.5.5 Toxic gases......Page 223
8.6 Conclusion......Page 224
References......Page 225
9.1.1 The structure and properties of clays......Page 229
9.1.2 Polyamides......Page 230
9.2.1 In situ polymerization......Page 232
9.2.2 Solution-blending......Page 234
9.2.3 Melt-compounding......Page 235
9.3.1 Thermal stability......Page 237
9.3.2 Cone calorimeter test......Page 240
9.3.3 Limiting oxygen index and UL-94 tests......Page 244
9.4 Flame retardant mechanism......Page 246
9.5 Summary and outlook......Page 249
References......Page 250
10.1 Introduction......Page 256
10.2.1 Halogenated flame retardant formulations......Page 257
10.2.2 Nonhalogenated flame retardant formulations......Page 258
10.3 Flame retardant polymer blends with nanoparticles......Page 260
PS/PMMA/FR blends with organoclays......Page 261
PC/SAN24/FR blends with organoclays......Page 262
PS/PMMA/FR/Cloisite 20A with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)......Page 263
10.3.2 Small angle X-ray scattering......Page 266
PS/PMMA/FR/C20A......Page 269
PS/PMMA/FR/Cloisite20A with either the l-MWCNTs or the s-MWCNTs......Page 272
PMMA and PMMA/Cloisite 20A......Page 276
PMMA/FR/Cloisite 20A......Page 277
PS/PMMA/FR and PS/PMMA/FR/Cloisite 20A......Page 278
PS/PMMA/C20A polymer blends......Page 281
PS/PMMA/FR and PS/PMMA/FR/Cloisite 20A......Page 282
PC/SAN24/FR and PC/SAN24/FR/C20A......Page 284
PMMA/FR/l-MWCNTs and PS/PMMA/FR/Cloisite 20A with either s-MWCNTs or l-MWCNTs......Page 285
Morphology......Page 288
10.4 Summary......Page 290
References......Page 292
11.2.1 Morphology......Page 295
11.2.2 Thermal degradation behavior......Page 296
11.2.3 Flame retardancy......Page 299
11.3.2 Relationship between flammability properties and rheological behavior......Page 301
11.3.3 Heat-treatment studies......Page 305
11.4.1 Decoration of fullerenes with intumescent flame retardants......Page 310
11.4.2 Morphology......Page 314
11.4.3 Thermal oxidation degradation behavior......Page 315
11.4.4 Flame retardancy......Page 318
11.4.5 Rheological behavior and char residues......Page 319
11.5.1 Decoration of carbon nanotubes with fullerenes......Page 323
11.5.3 Flame retardancy......Page 327
11.6 Conclusions and future prospects......Page 328
References......Page 329
12.1 Introduction......Page 333
12.2 Alumina trihydrate flame retardant......Page 334
12.3 Alumina monohydrate flame retardant......Page 337
12.4 Alumina flame retardant......Page 340
References......Page 347
13.1 Introduction......Page 351
13.2 Structure and properties of layered double hydroxides......Page 352
13.3 Polymer/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 353
13.4 Thermal stability of polymer/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 354
13.5 Fire retardant properties of polymer/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 357
13.5.1 Dispersibility......Page 360
13.5.2 Divalent metal cations......Page 361
13.5.3 Trivalent metal cations......Page 363
13.5.4 Intercalated anions......Page 364
13.6 Synergistic layered double hydroxide flame retardant systems......Page 366
13.7 Possible mechanisms......Page 368
13.8 Conclusion and future trends......Page 370
References......Page 371
14.1 Layered silicates......Page 379
14.2 Organic modification......Page 382
14.3 Styrenic block copolymers......Page 385
14.4 Flame retardant SBS–clay nanocomposites......Page 386
14.5.2 Layered silicates......Page 388
14.5.3.1 Preparation......Page 389
14.5.3.2 Characterization and discussion......Page 390
14.5.4.2 Characterization and discussion......Page 391
14.5.5.1 Method......Page 393
14.5.5.2 Results and discussion......Page 394
14.6 Conclusions......Page 396
References......Page 397
Index......Page 402