Thermal Remote Sensing in Land Surface Processing

Thermal Remote Sensing in Land Surface Processes......Page 2
Contents......Page 4
Biographical sketch of Dale A. Quattrochi......Page 6
Biographical sketch of Jeffrey C. Luvall......Page 7
Selected awards......Page 8
Contributors’ biographies......Page 9
Preface......Page 18
References......Page 21
Part I: Thermal infrared data for assessment and quantification of surface energy fluxes and soil moisture......Page 22
1.1 Introduction......Page 23
1.2 Interpreting thermal infrared signals......Page 24
1.3.1 Ts algorithms......Page 25
1.3.2 Ts validation......Page 27
1.4.1 Temperature/vegetation index......Page 30
1.4.2 Ta validation......Page 32
1.5.1 Look-up table approach......Page 34
1.6 Combined retrieval......Page 36
1.7 Applications of TIR methods to other space-based sensors......Page 38
References......Page 41
2.1 Introduction......Page 45
Role of the atmosphere......Page 46
Radiance temperature relationship......Page 47
2.1.2 The AVHRR data......Page 48
Problem 1: atmospheric profile method......Page 50
The differential absorption method: background......Page 51
PROBLEM 2: ROLE OF THE EMISSIVITY......Page 52
EMISSIVITY INDUCED ERRORS......Page 53
Empirical methods......Page 54
Radiative transfer approaches......Page 55
2.2.2 Split window techniques......Page 56
Emissivity-dependent algorithms......Page 57
OTHER METHODS USING EMISSIVITY......Page 58
Methods using both emissivity and water vapor......Page 60
2.2.3 Conclusion......Page 61
Method 4: “TISI? Becker and Li 1990a; Li and Becker 1993......Page 64
Method 2: “vegetation cover? Valor and Caselles 1996......Page 62
Method 3: “alpha residuals? Kealy and Hook 1993......Page 63
2.3.3 Choice of a suitable method and related uncertainties errors......Page 65
2.3.4 Special cases......Page 67
2.3.5 Conclusion......Page 68
Satellite estimates......Page 69
In situ estimations......Page 71
2.5.1 Simulations......Page 72
Comparison of the different available algorithms......Page 73
Sensitivity analysis to surface emissivity......Page 75
Conclusions......Page 78
2.5.2 Intercomparison with actual data......Page 79
Angular effects......Page 88
Fractional vegetation cover......Page 92
Validation of satellite-retrieved surface temperatures......Page 93
Other issues......Page 94
2.6.1 Introduction......Page 97
Cloud cover......Page 98
What is surface temperature......Page 99
Spring frosts......Page 100
2.6.4 Conclusion......Page 101
2.7.1 Simulation of LST composites......Page 102
2.7.2 Temporal evolution of composite LST......Page 103
2.7.3 Potential applications to the estimation of actual evapotranspiration using semi-empirical models......Page 104
Use of cumulated differences between air and surface temperature......Page 105
Use of cumulated LST......Page 110
2.7.5 Concluding remarks and further work......Page 113
2.8 Conclusions and perspectives......Page 114
Acknowledgments......Page 115
References......Page 116
3.1.1 Background......Page 122
3.1.2 Objectives of this study......Page 123
3.2 Study area......Page 124
3.3.1 Model description......Page 125
3.3.2 Inputs derived from ground data......Page 129
Radiometric surface temperature......Page 130
Vegetation cover......Page 132
3.4.1 Validation of model flux estimates......Page 134
3.4.2 Spatially distributed fluxes......Page 135
3.5 Summary......Page 141
Acknowledgments......Page 142
References......Page 143
4.1 Introduction......Page 145
4.2 Setting......Page 146
4.3.1 Approach......Page 148
4.3.3 Radiometric correction of the reflected bands......Page 150
Net radiation......Page 151
Albedo......Page 152
Surface temperature......Page 153
Soil heat flux......Page 154
Sensible and latent heat flux......Page 155
4.3.5 Vegetation classification......Page 158
4.4 Results and discussion......Page 159
4.5 Summary and conclusions......Page 166
References......Page 167
5.1 Introduction......Page 172
5.2.1 Surface energy balance......Page 173
5.2.2 Link to remote sensing......Page 174
5.3.1 Satellite data depiction and theoretical interpretation......Page 176
5.3.2 Exploiting the NDVI/To relationship with the triangle method......Page 178
Evapotranspiration ET......Page 180
5.4.1 Data preparation and algorithms......Page 181
5.4.2 Example application ? filariasis in the Nile delta......Page 182
5.5 Concluding remarks......Page 185
5.A1 Concept of soil moisture availability......Page 186
Introduction......Page 188
Input data......Page 189
Model operation......Page 190
References......Page 194
6.1 The problem......Page 197
6.2.1 Evidence of rapid surface drying......Page 198
6.2.2 Radiometry at infrared and microwave frequencies......Page 200
6.2.3 Vegetation and surface energy fluxes......Page 201
6.2.4 A soil experiment......Page 203
6.3 Results of the soil experiments......Page 206
6.4 Interpretation of thermal and microwave measurements......Page 212
Acknowledgements......Page 215
References......Page 216
7.1 Introduction......Page 217
7.2 Cupid model description......Page 220
7.3.1 Energy balance components......Page 223
7.3.2 Component temperatures of vegetation and soil......Page 224
7.3.3 Canopy/soil emissivity......Page 225
7.3.4 Soil and canopy evaporative fluxes......Page 226
7.4 Evaluation of radiometric versus aerodynamic temperature using cupid......Page 228
7.5.1 Simplified two-source model......Page 230
7.5.2 Model formulations using dual-angle radiometric observations......Page 232
7.5.3 Two-source-time-integrated model formulation......Page 234
7.6 Comparison of three versions of the STS model 1ANGLE_PT, 2ANGLE, and 2ANGLE_PT flux predictions versus cupid......Page 235
7.6.1 Results using 1ANGLE_PT......Page 236
7.6.2 Results using 2ANGLE_PT & 2ANGLE model versions......Page 239
7.7 Evaluating the effects of subpixel heterogeneity on pixel-derived fluxes......Page 241
7.8.1 Experimental data......Page 244
7.8.2 Parameter estimation......Page 246
7.9 Summary and conclusions......Page 249
Appendix A: radiometric temperature calculation in Cupid......Page 251
Appendix B: overview of the N95 model......Page 254
References......Page 259
Part II: Thermal infrared data for assessment of ecosystem health......Page 266
8.1 Introduction......Page 267
8.2.1 The physics of evaporation......Page 269
8.2.2 The measurement of leaf and canopy temperatures......Page 273
8.3 TIR indices, algorithms, and models......Page 274
8.3.2 Canopy temperature variability......Page 275
8.3.4 Crop water stress index......Page 276
8.3.5 Water deficit index......Page 278
8.3.6 Three-temperature method......Page 281
8.3.7 Thermal kinetic window......Page 282
8.3.8 Data fusion and model assimilation......Page 284
8.4 Concluding remarks......Page 286
References......Page 288
9.1 Introduction......Page 293
9.2 The quality of energy paradigm......Page 294
Example 1: How good is the furnace in your home?......Page 295
FIRST AND SECOND LAW EFFICIENCIES......Page 298
Example 2: Believe it or not, it is easier to boil ice than water......Page 301
EXERGY’S ROLE IN CHARACTERIZING ECOSYSTEMS......Page 304
A FIRST LOOK AT THE ROLE OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE......Page 306
9.3 Theoretical foundations for the exergy paradigm......Page 309
9.3.1 Thermodynamic systems......Page 310
9.3.2 Combining the First and Second laws: exergy......Page 312
9.3.3 Lost work and the Gouy–Stodola theorem......Page 319
9.3.4 Exergy of a generalized system......Page 321
9.3.5 Intrinsic, transport, restricted, and accessible exergy......Page 323
9.4 The exergy of solar energy......Page 327
9.4.1 The solar exergy controversy......Page 333
9.4.2 A role for surface temperature measurements......Page 334
Model 1: zero entropy production, finite area system, solar exergy......Page 337
Model 2: non-zero entropy production, finite area system, solar exergy......Page 338
Model 3: zero entropy production, infinite area system, solar exergy......Page 339
9.4.3 Importance of air temperature......Page 340
9.5.1 Life as an exergy destroyer......Page 341
Surface temperature as a possible indicator of ecosystem maturity......Page 342
9.6 Conclusions......Page 343
Appendix A: exergy terminology conventions......Page 345
Appendix B: nomenclature......Page 348
9.C1 Exergy-conserving furnace......Page 350
9.C2 Bringing ice to a boil......Page 351
Appendix E: distinguishing between the system-centric viewpoint and the isolated-system viewpoint......Page 353
Appendix F: solar exergy assumptions......Page 355
Notes......Page 359
References......Page 366
Part III: Thermal infrared instruments and calibration......Page 371
10.1 Overview and scope......Page 372
10.1.1 Radiometric terms......Page 373
10.2 Lab calibration......Page 375
10.2.1 Radiometric standards......Page 376
10.2.3 Use of transfer standards to calibrate field or flight blackbody sources......Page 383
10.2.4 Calibration of field sensors and in-flight calibration......Page 385
10.2.5 Onboard calibrator monitoring......Page 391
10.3.1 Selection and use of ground truth targets......Page 392
10.3.2 Use of ground truth for end-to-end sensor calibration......Page 396
10.3.3 Use of underflights for post-launch sensor calibration verification......Page 397
10.4 Error sources and effects......Page 400
10.4.1 Error in sensor-reaching radiance......Page 401
10.4.2 Error in surface-leaving radiance......Page 402
10.4.3 Atmospheric sources of error......Page 406
10.4.4 Errors due to spectral mismatch......Page 409
10.4.5 Summary......Page 411
References......Page 412
11.1 Introduction......Page 414
11.2.2 The MUST information products......Page 415
Product type 2: daily/weekly surface evapotranspiration product......Page 416
11.2.4 The information products’ requirements and simulations......Page 417
INPUTS TO YIELD PREDICTION MODELS......Page 418
SIMULATED PRODUCTS......Page 419
SIMULATED PRODUCTS......Page 420
SIMULATED PRODUCTS......Page 421
11.2.5 System requirements derived from user requirements......Page 423
MUST temperature precision......Page 424
APPLICATIONS BASED ONVEGETATION STRESS ESTIMATION......Page 425
11.3.1 Main mission characteristics......Page 426
SELECTION OF THE SPECTRAL BANDS......Page 427
11.3.2 Overall system description......Page 429
11.3.4 Application ground segment 䜀匀......Page 430
Overall payload presentation......Page 431
THE CHOICE OF MICROBOLOMETER TECHNOLOGY FOR THE MUST INSTRUMENT......Page 432
THE MUST FOCAL PLANE ARCHITECTURE......Page 433
Overview of the MUST payload performance and main characteristics Table 11.6......Page 434
11.4 Conclusions......Page 435
References......Page 436
Introduction......Page 462
A brief sojourn though the contents......Page 464
References......Page 469