Thermal Adaptation: A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis

A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis......Page 4
Preface......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
1.1 The challenge of evolutionary
thermal biology......Page 14
1.2 Thermal reaction norms......Page 16
1.3 The role of theory......Page 18
1.4.1 Optimality models......Page 19
1.4.2 Quantitative genetic models......Page 21
1.4.3 Allelic models......Page 23
1.5 Empirical tools of the evolutionary
thermal biologist......Page 26
1.5.2 Experimental evolution......Page 27
1.5.3 Comparative analysis......Page 28
1.6 Conclusions......Page 31
CHAPTER 2 Thermal Heterogeneity......Page 32
2.1 Operative environmental
temperature......Page 33
2.2.1 Latitudinal clines......Page 36
2.2.2 Altitudinal clines......Page 40
2.3.1 Mathematical models......Page 42
2.3.2 Physical models......Page 44
2.3.3 Statistical models......Page 45
2.4 Conclusions......Page 46
3.1 Patterns of thermal sensitivity......Page 48
3.2 Proximate mechanisms and
tradeoffs......Page 53
3.2.1 Thermal effects on enzymes
(and other proteins)......Page 54
3.2.2 Membrane structure......Page 56
3.2.3 Oxygen limitation......Page 57
3.2.4 Conclusions from considering
proximate mechanisms......Page 58
3.3.1 Optimal performance curves:
survivorship and related performances......Page 60
3.3.2 Optimal performance curves:
fecundity and related performances......Page 64
3.3.3 Contrasting the two models......Page 66
3.4 Using models to understand
natural patterns......Page 67
3.4.1 Survivorship......Page 69
3.4.2 Locomotion......Page 75
3.4.4 Growth......Page 79
3.4.5 Reproduction......Page 81
3.4.6 Why do certain patterns differ
from predicted ones?......Page 82
3.5.1 Reciprocal transplant experiments......Page 83
3.5.2 Laboratory selection experiments......Page 84
3.5.3 Conclusions from reciprocal transplant
and laboratory selection experiments......Page 87
3.6.1 A jack of all temperatures can
be a master of all......Page 88
3.7 Do all performances affect
fitness?......Page 89
3.8 Does genetic variation constrain
thermal adaptation?......Page 92
3.8.2 A genetic model for survivorship
and related performances......Page 94
3.8.3 A genetic model for fecundity
and related performances......Page 96
3.8.4 Predictions of quantitative genetic models depend on genetic parameters......Page 97
3.9 Does gene flow constrain thermal
adaptation?......Page 98
3.10 Conclusions......Page 100
4.1 Quantifying patterns of
thermoregulation......Page 101
4.2.1 Benefits of thermoregulation......Page 104
4.2.2 Costs of thermoregulation......Page 109
4.3 An optimality model of
thermoregulation......Page 111
4.4 Do organisms thermoregulate more precisely when the
benefits are greater?......Page 115
4.5.1 Thermoregulation during infection......Page 118
4.5.2 Thermoregulation during pregnancy......Page 119
4.6 Do organisms thermoregulate less precisely when the costs
are greater?......Page 120
4.7.1 Aggressive interactions with
competitors......Page 124
4.7.2 Risk of predation or parasitism......Page 125
4.7.4 Missed opportunities for feeding
or reproduction......Page 129
4.7.5 Interactions between different costs......Page 131
4.8.1 The evolutionary origins of endothermy......Page 132
4.8.2 Optimal thermoregulation by
endotherms......Page 135
4.9 Conclusions......Page 138
5.1 Patterns of thermal acclimation......Page 139
5.2.1 Developmental acclimation......Page 140
5.2.2 Reversible acclimation......Page 144
5.3 Costs of thermal acclimation......Page 148
5.3.1 Costs of energetic demands......Page 149
5.3.3 Interaction between costs......Page 152
5.4 Optimal acclimation of
performance curves......Page 153
5.4.1 Optimal developmental acclimation......Page 154
5.4.2 Optimal reversible acclimation......Page 156
5.4.3 Relaxing assumptions about fitness......Page 158
5.5.2 Do organisms from variable environments acclimate more than organisms
from stable environments?......Page 159
5.6.1 Genetic variance and covariance......Page 162
5.6.2 Gene flow......Page 165
5.7 Toward ecological relevance......Page 167
5.8 Conclusions......Page 168
6.1 The link between performance
and the life history......Page 170
6.2.1 Thermal plasticity of age and
size at maturity......Page 171
6.2.2 Thermal clines in age and
size at maturity......Page 172
6.2.3 Experimental evolution of age and size at maturity......Page 174
6.3 Optimal reaction norms for
age and size at maturity......Page 175
6.3.1 A comparison of two modeling
approaches......Page 176
6.3.2 Thermal effects on juvenile mortality......Page 177
6.3.3 Thermal constraints on
maximal body size......Page 179
6.3.4 Thermal effects on population growth......Page 182
6.3.5 A synergy of evolutionary mechanisms......Page 183
6.4.2 Thermal clines in offspring size......Page 184
6.4.3 Experimental evolution of
offspring size......Page 185
6.5.1 Direct effect of temperature on
the optimal offspring size......Page 187
6.5.2 Indirect effects of temperature on
the optimal offspring size......Page 189
6.5.3 Teasing apart direct and indirect
effects on reproductive allocation......Page 190
6.6 Optimal variation in offspring size......Page 191
6.7 Conclusions......Page 192
7.1 Traits interact to determine fitness......Page 194
7.2 Coadaptation of thermal
sensitivity and thermal acclimation......Page 195
7.3 Coadaptation of thermal physiology and thermoregulatory
behavior......Page 199
7.3.1 Mechanisms favoring a mismatch between preferred temperatures and
thermal optima......Page 202
7.3.2 Predicting coadapted phenotypes......Page 206
7.4 Coadaptation of thermoregulatory behavior, thermal physiology, and
life history......Page 208
7.6 Conclusions......Page 209
8.1 Filling the ecological vacuum......Page 212
8.3 Optimal thermoregulation
in an evolutionary game......Page 213
8.3.1 Competition during thermoregulation......Page 214
8.3.2 Predation during thermoregulation......Page 216
8.3.3 Relaxing assumptions of simple models......Page 218
8.4.1 The coevolution of thermal optima
between species......Page 220
8.4.2 The coevolution of thermal breadths
between species......Page 223
8.4.3 Gene flow and the coevolution
of thermal optima......Page 224
8.5 Life-history evolution in a
thermal game......Page 225
8.6 Conclusions......Page 226
9.1.1 Global change......Page 227
9.1.2 Regional change......Page 228
9.2.1 Shifts in phenology......Page 229
9.2.3 Disruption of ecological interactions......Page 230
9.3 Predicting ecological responses
to global warming......Page 231
9.3.1 Correlative versus mechanistic models......Page 232
9.3.2 Mechanistic models of responses
to environmental warming......Page 233
9.3.3 Predicting differential responses of
populations and species......Page 236
9.4 Adaptation to directional
thermal change......Page 237
9.4.1 Adaptation of thermoregulation......Page 240
9.4.2 Adaptation of the thermal optimum......Page 242
9.4.3 Adaptation of the performance
breadth......Page 244
9.5 Thermal games in a warming
world......Page 245
9.6.1 Spatially heterogeneous warming can
reduce the flow of maladapted genotypes......Page 246
9.6.2 Spatially heterogeneous warming can
increase the flow of preadapted genotypes......Page 248
9.7 Conclusions......Page 249
References......Page 251
Author Index......Page 290
Species Index......Page 296
Subject Index......Page 298