Therapeutic Use of Plant Secondary Metabolites

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Title
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End User License Agreement
Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
The Role of Plant Secondary Metabolites in Health Management
	Taofik Olatunde Uthman1,*
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES
	3. POLYPHENOLS – A MAJOR CLASS OF PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES
		3.1. Classes of Polyphenols
			3.1.1. Phenolic Acids
			3.1.2. Flavonoids
			3.1.3. Lignans and Stilbenes
	4. MEDICINAL PLANTS
	5. PLANTS SECONDARY METABOLITES IN HEALTH MANAGEMENT
		5.1. Alkaloids
		5.2. Flavonoids
		5.3. Terpenes
		5.4. Saponins
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Medicinal Plants and Drug Discovery
	Emmanuel O. Ajani1,*
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. HISTORICAL USE OF PLANTS FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL PURPOSES
	3. THE PROCESS AND TECHNIQUES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT FROM PLANTS
		Phase 1: Collection and Identification
		Phase II: Isolation and Purification
		Phase III: Synthesis of the Bioactive Compound
		Phase IV: Clinical Trials
	4. PLANTS BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN SOME DISEASES
		4.1.  Plants Bioactive Compounds as Anticancer Agents
		4.2. Plants Bioactive Compounds as Antimalarial Agents
		4.3. Plants Bioactive Compounds as Antiviral Agents
	5. PLANT-BASED DRUG AND THE CHALLENGE OF EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES: COVID-19 EXPERIENCE
	6. APPLICATION OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN PROMOTING DRUG DISCOVERY FROM PLANTS
		(a). Proteomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics
		(b). Combinatorial Chemistry
		(c). High-Throughput Screening (HTS)
	7. CHALLENGES TO DRUG DISCOVERY FROM PLANTS
	8. DRUG DISCOVERY FROM PLANTS: THE CHALLENGE FOR AFRICA
	9. FUTURE PROSPECT OF PLANT-BASED DRUGS
	CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Therapeutic Properties of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites in Essential Oil Crops
	Fikisiwe C. Gebashe1, Adeyemi O. Aremu2,3 and Stephen O. Amoo1,2,4,*
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. SECONDARY METABOLITES AND THEIR ROLE IN PLANTS
	3. MAJOR BIOACTIVE SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM ESSENTIAL OILS OF SELECTED MEDICINAL HERBS
	4. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS MAJOR COMPOUNDS
		4.1. Antimicrobial Activity
		4.2. Anti-inflammatory
		4.3. Antioxidants
		4.4. Cytotoxicity
	CONCLUDING REMARKS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutic Intervention in Cancer Therapy
	Depika Dwarka1, Himansu Baijnath2 and John Jason Mellem1,*
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. CANCER AND APOPTOSIS
		2.1. Global Prevalence of Cancer
		2.2. General Features of Cancer
		2.3. Pathophysiology of the Carcinogenic Process
		2.4. Apoptosis: Hallmark of Cancer Development and Progression
		2.5. Free Radicals and Anti-oxidants in Relation to Cancer Inflammation
	3. MEDICINAL PLANTS: THEIR USE IN ANTI-CANCER TREATMENT
		3.1. Plant Based Chemotherapeutics
			3.1.1. Camptothecin
			3.1.2. Paclitaxel and Docetaxel
			3.1.3. Colchicine
			3.1.4. Vinca Alkaloids
			3.1.5. Homoharringtonine
			3.1.6. Podophyllotoxin
		3.2. Other Plant-based Compounds of Importance in Cancer Treatment
			3.2.1. Phenolic Compounds
			3.2.2. Alkaloids
			3.2.3. Polysaccharides
			3.2.4. Terpenoids
			3.2.5. Quinones
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutic Intervention in Mucocutaneous Cancers
	Henry A. Adeola1,2,*, Rashmi Bhardwaj3, Aderonke F. Ajayi-Smith4, Afsareen Bano3, Tayo A. Adekiya5, Michael C. Ojo6, Raphael T. Aruleba7, Adeniyi C. Adeola8, Babatunji E. Oyinloye6,9 and Chinedu E. Udekwu10
	1. INTRODUCTION TO MUCOSAL AND SKIN CANCERS
		1.1. Melanomas
		1.2. Basal Cell Carcinoma
		1.3. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
	2. CONVENTIONAL MUCOCUTANEOUS CANCER THERAPY
		2.1. Surgical Excision of Mucocutaneous Cancers
		2.2. Non-surgical Treatment of Mucocutaneous Cancers
	3. TARGETED MUCOCUTANEOUS CANCER THERAPIES
		3.1. Purine/Pyrimidine Analogues
		3.2. Photodynamic Therapy (using Antioxidants)
		3.3. Bioactive Compound and Photodynamic Therapy-carotenoids, Flavonoids and Terpenoids
		3.4. Emerging Targeted Molecular Therapies-Obstacles and Opportunities
	4. BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AS POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR MUCOCUTANEOUS CANCERS
	5. BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND OMICS APPROACH IN MUCOCUTANEOUS CANCERS
	6. BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND IMPORTANCE IN THE TREATMENT OF MUCOCUTANEOUS CANCERS
		6.1. Bioactive Compounds with Anti-skin Cancer Property
			6.1.1. Curcumin
			6.1.2. Myricetin
			6.1.3. Tocotrienol
	7. NOVEL APPLICATIONS OF BIOACTIVE FLAVONOID COMPOUNDS FOR MUCOCUTANEOUS CANCER MANAGEMENT
	CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	AUTHORS\' CONTRIBUTIONS
	REFERENCES
Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutic Intervention in Bacterial Infections
	Kazeem A. Alayande1,2,*, Abdulwakeel A. Ajao3 and Mariam O. Oyedeji-Amusa3
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. DIFFICULTIES IN THE TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
	3. WHAT BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS DO DIFFERENTLY
		3.1. Efficiency of Bioactive Compounds against Bacterial Pathogens
		3.2. Phenols and Phenolic Compounds
		3.3. Alkaloids
		3.4. Tannins
		3.5. Terpenoids and Terpenes
		3.6. Saponins
		3.7. Flavonoids
		3.8. Bioactive Peptides
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
The Use of Plant Secondary Metabolites in the Treatment of Bacterial Diseases
	Pillay Charlene1,*, Ramdhani Nishani2 and Singh Seema3
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. GROUPS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES WITH ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES
		Terpenes
		Phenolics
			Flavonoids
			Tannins
			Coumarins
			Quinones
		Nitrogen Containing Compounds
			Alkaloids
		Sulphur Containing Compounds
			Allicin
			Ajoene
			Sulforaphane
	3. THE MODE OF ACTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES ON MICROBIAL CELLS
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Plant Secondary Metabolites in the Management of Degenerative Diseases
	Judith N. Ohanaka1,*, Uwazie C. Kenneth2, Fatai O. Balogun3 and Saheed Sabiu3
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. SECONDARY METABOLITES
		2.1. Major Classifications of Secondary Metabolites
			2.1.1. Terpenoids
			2.1.2. Phenolics
			2.1.3. Alkaloids
	3. SECONDARY METABOLITES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
	4. SECONDARY METABOLITES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF VIRAL INFECTIONS
	5. SECONDARY METABOLITES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA DISEASES
	6. SECONDARY METABOLITES IN CANCER MANAGEMENT
	7. SECONDARY METABOLITES IN DIABETES MELLITUS MANAGEMENT
	CONCLUDING REMARKS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutic Intervention in Neurodegenerative Diseases
	N. Suleiman1,*, I. Bulama2 and L.S. Bilbis3
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. BIOACTIVE CHEMICALS
		2.1. Role and Types of Bioactive Compounds
			2.1.1. Phenolic Compounds
			2.1.2. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Fat-Soluble Vitamins
			2.1.3. Isothiocyanates
			2.1.4. Carotenoids
			2.1.5. Mind Food
		2.2. Application of Some of the Bioactive Compounds in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases
		2.3. Constituents of Bioactive compounds
			2.3.1. Flavonoids
			2.3.2. Anthocyanins
			2.3.3. Tannins
			2.3.4. Betalins
			2.3.5. Carotenoids
			2.3.6. Plant Sterols
			2.3.7. Glucosinolates
	3. NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES
		3.1. Most Common Neurodegenerative Diseases
			3.1.1. Alzheimer\'s disease (AD)
			3.1.2. Parkinson disease (PD)
			3.1.3. Huntington\'s Disease (HD)
			3.1.4. Stroke
		3.2. Pathophysiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Green Synthesis Application in Diabetes Therapy
	Fatai O. Balogun1,* and Saheed Sabiu1
	INTRODUCTION
		Nano-synthesis Methods
		Characterization of Nanoparticles
		Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		Interplay between Diabetes Mellitus, Medicinal Plants, and Nanotechnology
		Safety Concerns
		Mechanism of Action (MOA)
	MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
	DISCUSSION
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
An Update on Green Synthesis Application in Cancer Therapy
	Karishma Singh1 and Saheed Sabiu1,*
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. GREEN SYNTHESIZED NANOPARTICLES IN CANCER THERAPY
		2.1. Silver
		2.2. Gold
		2.3. Zinc Oxide
		2.4. Mechanism of Action of AgNPs, AuNPs, and ZnONPs Against Cancer Cells
	3. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOPARTICLES
		3.1. The Biological Approaches
		3.2. Synthesis Using Microorganisms
			3.2.1. Bacteria
			3.2.2. Fungi
			3.2.3. Cyanobacteria
			3.2.4. Algae
		3.3. Plant Extracts
		3.4. Enzymes and Biomolecules
		3.5. Characterization of Nanoparticles
		4. Application of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy
		5. The Pros and Cons of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy
		CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PERSPECTIVES
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Oxidative Stress Involvement in Antibacterial Therapy
	Christiana E. Aruwa1 and Saheed Sabiu1,*
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. DISCUSSION
		2.1. Sources of Oxidative Stress
		2.2. Mechanism of Action of Antibacterial Agents
		2.3. The Antimicrobial Lethality-Oxidative Stress Link
			2.3.1. Additional Notes and Considerations
			2.3.2. Factors Impacting OS-mediated Antibacterial Therapy and Efficacy
		2.4. Adaptations in OS and Antimicrobial Therapy
		2.5. Oxidative Stress Assessment
	CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PERSPECTIVES
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Phytotherapy and the ‘Omics Concept
	Ismaila O. Nurain1,*
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. THE ‘OMICS CONCEPT IN PHYTOTHERAPY
		2.1. ‘OMICS Concept in Phytotherapy at DNA Level
		2.2. ‘OMICS Concept in Phytotherapy at the RNA Level
		2.3. ‘OMICS Concept in Phytotherapy at Protein Level
		2.4. ‘OMICS Concept in Phytotherapy at Metabolites Level
		2.5. ‘OMICS Concept in Phytotherapy at the Electrolytes Level
		2.6. ‘OMICS Concept in the Phytotherapy at the Cellular Level
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Phytoinformatics in Disease Management
	Ismaila O. Nurain1,*
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. RELEVANCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT
	3. MEDICINAL PLANT INFORMATICS AND APPLICATION IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT
	COMPUTATIONAL GENOMICS ANALYSIS
	COMPUTATIONAL TRANSCRIPTOMICS ANALYSIS
	COMPUTATIONAL PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS
	COMPUTATIONAL METABOLOMICS ANALYSIS
	4. NON-EXHAUSTIVE LIST OF DATABASES AND TOOLS FOR PHYTOINFORMATICS
	5. FROM DATA ACQUISITION TO DISEASE MANAGEMENT
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Computational Applications in the Drug Discovery and Development Processes
	M.O. Kaka1, J.O. Aribisala2, S. Karishma2, A.K. Oyebamiji3, T.A. Ajayeoba1, N.J. Ohanaka4 and S. Sabiu2,*
	1. INTRODUCTION
	2. HISTORY OF DRUGS DISCOVERY, DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
	3. CHALLENGES INVOLVED WITH CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT
	4. ADVANCES IN DRUGS DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES
		4.1. Advances in Microscopy
		4.2. The Rise of Gene-editing Technologies
		4.3. Other Advances
	5. ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF COMPUTATIONAL APPLICATIONS IN TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE/PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
		5.1. Computer-aided Drug Discovery
		5.2. Therapeutic Targets in Degenerative and Microbial Diseases
		5.3. Application of Molecular Dynamics Simulation in the Drug Discovery and Development Processes for Degenerative and Microbial Diseases
		5.4. Diabetes
		5.5. Cancer
		5.6. Malaria
		5.7. Bacterial, Fungal and Viral Infections
	6. CHALLENGES WITH COMPUTATIONAL APPLICATIONS IN THE DRUG DISCOVERY PROCESS
	7. RECENT AND EMERGING ROLES OF COMPUTATION APPLICATIONS IN DRUG DISCOVERY
		Progress in Molecular Targeted Therapies
	CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Subject Index