Therapeutic Nanocarriers in Cancer Treatment: Challenges and Future Perspective

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Contents
Foreword
Preface
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
List of Contributors
Cancer Biology
	Aakanchha Jain1,2,*, Shiv Kumar Prajapati3, Dolly Jain4, Richa Jain5, Amrita Kumari Panda6, Nagma Parveen7, Satpal Singh Bisht7 and Santosh Kumar Behera1
	INTRODUCTION
	CANCER INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY
		Histopathology
	CANCER GENETICS
		Protooncogene
		Antioncogenes
		Apoptosis Regulator Gene
		DNA Repair Gene
	TUMOUR VASCULATURE
	HALLMARKS TO CANCER
	BIOMARKERS FOR CANCER: WHAT ARE THEY AND HOW DO THEY HELP?
		Some Other Important Cancer Biomarkers
	METABOLIC TRANSFORMATION IN CANCER
		Cell Cycle–Targeted Cancer Therapies
	APOPTOSIS AND CANCER
	STEM CELLS TARGETED CANCER THERAPY
		Pluripotent Stem Cells (PSCs) in Cancer Treatment
		Adult Stem Cells in Cancer Treatment
		Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) in Cancer Treatment
	TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN CANCER
		p53
		Retinoblastoma (Rb)
		PTEN (Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue)
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Nanotechnology for Cancer Treatment: An Introduction
	Farhan Mazahir1, Anchal Pathak1, Ujala Gupta1 and Awesh K. Yadav1,*
	INTRODUCTION
	POLYMERIC NCS
		Polymeric NCs: Polycaprolactone (PCL) NCs
			Polymeric NCs: Poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) NPs
			Polymeric NCs: Polyplexes
			Polymeric NCs: Chitosan (CHN) NPs
	MICELLES (MCS)
	MICELLES (MCS): NIOSOMES
	NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS (NLCS)
	INORGANIC NCS (INCS)
		Inorganic NCs (INCs): Iron-Based NCs
		Inorganic NCs (INCs):Au - Based NCs
		Inorganic NCs (INCs): Gadolinium (Gd) Based NCs
	MESOPOROUS SILICA-BASED NPS (MSNPS)
		MSNPs and Tumor Targeting
			MSNPs Based NPs in Photothermal Therapy (PTT)
			MSNs in Gene Therapy
	OTHER CARRIERS FOR PTT
		Ag-based NCs
		Copper Sulfide-based NCs
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Potential Approaches for Delivery of Surface Decorated Nano-carriers in the Management of Carcinoma
	B. Patil1, A. Tiwari1, S.P. Pandey1, T. Shukla2,* and N. Upmanyu3,4
	INTRODUCTION
		Cancer
		Nanocarriers
	IMPORTANCE OF NANO-CARRIERS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CANCER
	DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO SURFACE MODIFICATION OF NANOPARTICLES WITH THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CANCER
		Surface Modification With Polyethylene Glycol(PEG)
			Use of Pegylated Di-bock Polymers for the Formation of Nanocarrier
			Use of Pegylated Tri-block Polymers for the Formation of Nanocarriers
			Pegylation of Already Formed Vesicles
		Formulation of Stimuli-sensitive Nanocarrier
			pH-sensitive Nanocarriers
			Temperature Sensitive Nanocarrier
		Surface Modification Using Different Ligands
			Modification of Nano-carrier/Nanoparticles Surface With Transferrin
			Modification of Nano-carrier/Nanoparticles Surface with Folate
			Modification of Nano-carrier/Nanoparticles Surface with Aptamers
			Modification of Nano-carrier/Nanoparticle Surface with Peptides and Monoclonal Antibodies
			Modification of Nano-carrier Surface with Anisamide
			Modification of Nano-carrier Surface with Cell-penetrating Peptides
		Other Approaches to Surface Modification
			Light-sensitive Nano Preparation
			Ultrasound-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems
			Magnetic field-sensitive Nano Preparation-
		Role of Surface-modified Nano-carriers in the Diagnosis of Different Types of Cancer
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGMENT
	REFERENCES
Importance of Surface-modified Nanocarriers (SMN) in the Management of Cancer
	Meghna A. Singh1, Azmi Khan1, Tarani P. Shrivastava2, Firdos Khan3, Ajay Sharma4 and Madhu Gupta1,*
	INTRODUCTION
	PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS IN TUMOR TARGETING
	NEED OF NANO-FORMULATIONS IN CANCER TREATMENT
	BIODEGRADABLE AND NON-BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
		Biodegradable Polymers
			Mechanism of the Breakdown of Biodegradable Polymers
			Examples of Biodegradable Polymers
			Non-Biodegradable Polymers
			Examples of Non-Biodegradable Polymers
	TARGETED DELIVERY FOR SMN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CANCER
		Passive Targeting
		Active Targeting
	CHALLENGES FOR SMNS IN CANCER DRUG TARGETING
	CLINICALLY APPROVED/ PATENTED NANO-FORMULATIONS
	CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCE
Targeted Nanocarriers-based Approach For Prostate Cancer Therapy
	Ashish Garg1, Vijay Sagar Madamsetty2, Sumel Ashique3, Vinod Gauttam4 and Neeraj Mishra5,*
	INTRODUCTION
	PROSTATE CANCER NANOCARRIERS & NANOTECHNOLOGY
	ROUTES OF DRUG DELIVERY TO THE PROSTATE
		Systemic Route
		Locoregional Routes
			Intraprostatic Route
			Vas Deferens
			Transrectal
	NANOPARTICLES SYSTEM FOR PROSTATE TARGETING CLASSIFICATIONS
		Prostate Cancer and Liposomal Nanoparticles
		Systems of Polymeric Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment
		System of Carbon-based
		Dendrimeric Device
		Quantum Dot Platform
		System of Gold Nanoparticulate
		Platform for Metallic Nanoparticle
	PROSTATE CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY APPROACH
		Prostate Cancer Fluorescence Diagnosis Using Nanotechnologies
		Targeted PSA Nanoprobe for Imaging Prostate Cancer
		Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) Nanoprobes for Imaging Prostate Cancer
	RECENT AND ONGOING CLINICAL TRIALS FOR PROSTATE CANCER TREATMENT
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	REFERENCES
Nanocarriers and their Role in the Treatment of Breast Cancer
	Sidhartha S. Kar1, Arghya Kusum Dhar2,* and Shvetank Bhatt3
	INTRODUCTION
	CONVENTIONAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER
	LIMITATIONS OF THE CURRENT BREAST CANCER TREATMENTS
	NANODELIVERY SYSTEMS IN THE TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER
	IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NPS
	TYPES OF NANOCARRIERS
		Lipid-based Nanocarriers
			Features of Lipid-based Nanocarriers
		Liposomes
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		Solid lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs)
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		Lipid-polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		Nanoemulsions
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
			Example
		Polymeric Nanoparticles
		Dendrimers
		Polymeric Micelles
		Polymer-drug Conjugates
		Inorganic Nanoparticles
			Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
			Quantum Dots
			Carbon-based Nanoparticles
			Carbon Nanotubes
			Carbon Dots
			Fullerene and Graphene
			Magnetic Nanoparticles
			Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide (SPIO)
			Silica Nanoparticles
			Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles
			Other Inorganic Nanoparticles
		Antibody-conjugated Nanoparticles
		Exosomes as Nanocarrier
		Virus-based NPs
	NANOCARRIERS AND MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE
	APPLICATIONS OF NANOCARRIERS IN BREAST CANCER STEM CELL THERAPY
	CLINICAL TRIALS FOR NANOPARTICLES TARGETING BREAST CANCER
	CONTINUING CHALLENGES IN NANOCARRIERS DEVELOPMENT
	CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Importance of Surface-modified Nanocarriers in the Management of Cervical Cancer
	Hari Krishnareddy Rachamalla1 and Vijay Sagar Madamsetty1,*
	INTRODUCTION
	TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES LOCALIZATION INTO THE TUMOR
	ROLE OF SURFACE-ENGINEERED LIPOSOMES IN CERVICAL CANCER
	ROLE OF SURFACE ENGINEERED METAL NANOCARRIERS IN CERVICAL CANCER
	ROLE OF SURFACE ENGINEERED POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES IN CERVICAL CANCER
	ROLE OF SURFACE ENGINEERED CARBON-BASED NANOPARTICLES IN CERVICAL CANCER
	ROLE OF SURFACE ENGINEERED POLYMERIC MICELLES (PMS) IN CERVICAL CANCER
	ROLE OF SURFACE-ENGINEERED DENDRIMERS IN CERVICAL CANCER
	CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGMENT
	REFERENCES
Importance of Nanocarriers in Colon Cancer
	Neha Srivastava1,2, Yachana Mishra3 and Vijay Mishra2,*
	INTRODUCTION
	EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COLON CANCER
		Incidence
		Mortality
	PATHOGENESIS
		Progression of Carcinoma Sequence
		Chromosomal Instability Pathway/APC Pathway
		Mismatch Repair Mechanism
		Hypermethylation BRAF Pathway
	NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED APPROACHES FOR COLON CANCER TREATMENT
		Liposomes
		Nanoparticles
		Self-nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System
		Carbon Nanotubes
		Polymeric Nanoparticles
		Dendrimers
	SMART DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Nanocarriers in The Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer
	Ashish Garg1,*, Vaibhav Kumar S. Gawali2, Rupesh K. Gautam3, Rajeev K. Singla4,5 and Sumel Ashique6
	INTRODUCTION
	PRESENT ADJUVANT OF CHEMOTHERAPY AGAINST THE HNC
	HNC NANOPARTICLES THERAPY
		HNC Therapy Material Requirement
		HNC Therapy Nanostructure Requirements
	DELIVERY OF TARGETED NANOPARTICLES FOR THERAPY OF HNC
		Strategy of Targeted Delivery for the Therapy of HNC
	ORGANIZATION ROUTES FOR THE THERAPY OF HNC
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Accounts on the Nano-carrier System for Diagnosis Purposes
	S.P. Pandey1,*, P. Jangied1, T. Shukla2, Tripathi A.3 and N. Upmanyu3,4
	INTRODUCTION
	DIFFERENT NANO-CARRIERS USED FOR DIAGNOSIS
		Polymeric Nano-carrier
			Polymeric Nanoparticles
			Polymeric Micelles
			Polyplexes
			Dendrimers
		Lipid-based Nanocarriers
			Nanoemulsions
			Liposomes/Niosomes
			Niosomes
			Lipoplexes
			Solid lipid Nanocarriers/Nanostructures Lipid Carriers
		Inorganic Nanocarriers
			Metal-based Nanoparticles
			Quantum Dots
			Carbon Nanotubes
			Others
	NANOTECHNOLOGY BASED FORMULATION AT THE CLINICAL LEVEL
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGMENT
	REFERENCES:
Toxicology Related to Nanoparticles – Challenges and Future Prospects
	Sweta Garg1,*, Prakash Pandey2, Sumel Ashique3 and Neeraj Mishra4
	INTRODUCTION
	NANOMATERIAL
		Properties and application of Nanomaterials
		Routes for Nanoparticle Administration
			Inhalation Exposure
			Dermal Exposure
			Ingestion
		Medical use of Nanoparticles
			Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
			Gene Therapy
			Treatment of Neural Degeneration
			Tissue Engineering
			Antimicrobial Activity
			Orthopaedic Implants
			Dental Application
			Cardiovascular Applications
			Dermal Applications
	NANOTOXICITY
	TOXICITY OF NANOMATERIALS
			Metal Nanomaterials
			Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
			Carbon Nanomaterials
			Quantum Dots
	TOXIC EFFECTS OF NANOPARTICLES ON SYSTEMS
			Circulatory System
			Digestive System
			Endocrine System
			Immune System
			Respiratory System
			Urinary System
			Nervous System
			Reproductive System
		Hazardous Effect of Nanomaterials
	THE TOXICITY MECHANISM OF NANOPARTICLES
	TOXICITY TESTING
	CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Cancer Drug Products Containing Nano-materials: Key Regulatory Issues
	Jinu Mathew1, Pallav Namdeo1 and Ashish Garg1,*
	INTRODUCTION
	CHARACTERISTICS OF NANO-MATERIALS
	ANTI-CANCER DRUG COMPOUNDS AND PRODUCTS CONTAINING NANO-MATERIALS
	TRENDS IN APPROVAL AND DEVELOPMENT
	NANO-MATERIALS FOR CANCER TREATMENT
		Liposomal Doxorubicin (Doxil)
		Myocet
		ThermoDox
		Liposomal Daunorubicin (DaunoXome)
		Paclitaxel protein-bound, Albumin-bound Paclitaxel (Abraxane)
		EndoTAG-1
		Liposomal Cisplatin (Lipoplatin)
		Onco TCS: Vincristine
			Vinorelbine
		DepoCyt (Liposomal Cytarabine)
		Annamycin
		Oncaspar (Asparaginase)
		Camptothecins
			Lurtotecan
			Irinotecan (NKTR-102)
	REGULATORY GUIDELINES FOR NANO-MATERIAL-BASED FORMULATION
	THE APPLICATION REVIEW PROCESS
		Types of NDA, as per Section 505 of the FD&C Act
			Biologics License Application (BLA)
			505(j) (Generics)
	SPECIAL REGULATORY PROVISION FOR CANCER PRODUCTS
	REGULATORY CHALLENGES FOR NANOMEDICINES
	GLOBAL STRATEGIES FOR THE REGULATION OF NANO-MATERIALS FOR DRUG DELIVERY AND TARGETING FOR ANTI-CANCER SUBSTANCES
		[USA]
			USA
			UK
			EU
			Canada & Japan
			Others
	FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
	REFERENCES
Future Prospective and Challenges in the Treatment of Cancer
	Aakriti Garg1, Santanu Kaity2, Manisha Thakur3, Ashok Kumar Datusalia3 and Anoop Kumar4,*
	INTRODUCTION
	CURRENT CHALLENGES FOR CANCER TREATMENT
		Breast Cancer, Treatments, and Challenges
		Lung Cancer, Treatments, and Challenges
		GIT Cancer, Treatments, and Challenges
		Hepatic Cancer, Treatments, and Challenges
		Prostate Cancer, Treatments, and Challenges
		Blood Cancer, Treatments, and Challenges
		Skin Cancer, Treatments, and Challenges
		Pancreatic Cancer, Treatments, and Challenges
	FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Subject Index
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