Therapeutic Modalities for Physical Therapists

Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 19
Preface......Page 21
Part One: Foundations of Therapeutic Modalities......Page 27
Radiant Energy......Page 29
Electromagnetic Radiations......Page 30
Laws Governing the Effects of Electromagnetic Radiations......Page 32
The Application of the Electromagnetic Spectrum to Therapeutic Modalities......Page 34
Summary......Page 37
2. The Healing Process and Guidelines for Using Therapeutic Modalities......Page 40
Understanding the Healing Process......Page 41
Injury Management Using Modalities......Page 47
Other Considerations in Treating Injury......Page 50
Indications and Contraindications......Page 51
Summary......Page 52
Understanding Pain......Page 54
Types of Pain......Page 55
Pain Assessment......Page 56
Pain Perception and Neural Transmission......Page 59
Neural Transmission......Page 60
Neurophysiologic Explanations of Pain Control......Page 64
Pain Management......Page 69
Summary......Page 71
Part Two: Electrical Modalities......Page 75
Components of Electrical Currents......Page 77
Electrotherapeutic Currents......Page 79
Generators of Electrotherapeutic Currents......Page 80
Waveforms......Page 81
Current Modulation......Page 86
Electrical Circuits......Page 88
Current Flow Through Biologic Tissues......Page 90
Safety in the Use of Electrical Equipment......Page 91
Summary......Page 94
5. Electrical Stimulating Currents......Page 98
Physiologic Response to Electrical Currents......Page 99
Electrical Concepts: Effects of Changes in Current Parameters and their Effect on Treatment Protocols......Page 115
Therapeutic Uses of Electrically Induced Muscle Contraction......Page 121
Stimulation of Denervated Muscle......Page 128
Therapeutic Uses of Electrical Stimulation of Sensory Nerves......Page 129
Clinical Uses of Low-Voltage Continuous Direct Current......Page 132
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)......Page 133
Specialized Electrical Currents......Page 134
Summary......Page 141
Iontophoresis Versus Phonophoresis......Page 159
Basic Mechanisms of Ion Transfer......Page 160
Iontophoresis Equipment and Treatment Techniques......Page 161
Clinical Applications for Iontophoresis......Page 166
Treatment Precautions and Considerations......Page 167
Summary......Page 169
Electromyography and Biofeedback......Page 176
Biofeedback Instrumentation......Page 177
Electromyographic Biofeedback......Page 179
Biofeedback Equipment and Treatment Techniques......Page 183
Clinical Applications for Biofeedback......Page 186
Summary......Page 187
Part Three: Thermal Modalities......Page 195
8. Shortwave and Microwave Diathermy......Page 197
Physiologic Responses to Diathermy......Page 198
Shortwave Diathermy Equipment and Treatment Techniques......Page 199
Microwave Diathermy......Page 210
Clinical Applications for Diathermy......Page 213
Diathermy Treatment Precautions and Considerations......Page 214
Comparing Shortwave Diathermy and Ultrasound as Thermal Modalities......Page 216
Summary......Page 218
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer......Page 228
Appropriate Use of the Infrared Modalities......Page 229
Clinical Use of the Infrared Modalities......Page 230
Cryotherapy......Page 233
Thermotherapy......Page 250
Counterirritants......Page 261
Summary......Page 262
10. Therapeutic Ultrasound......Page 296
Transmission of Acoustic Energy in Biologic Tissues......Page 297
Basic Physics of Therapeutic Ultrasound......Page 299
Physiologic Effects of Ultrasound......Page 309
Ultrasound Treatment Techniques......Page 313
Clinical Applications for Therapeutic Ultrasound......Page 319
Phonophoresis......Page 324
Using Ultrasound in Combination with Other Modalities......Page 327
Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ultrasound Equipment......Page 329
Summary......Page 330
Part Four: Light Therapy......Page 343
11. Low-Power Lasers......Page 345
Physics......Page 346
Types of Lasers......Page 348
Laser Generators......Page 349
Laser Treatment Techniques......Page 351
Clinical Applications for Lasers......Page 355
Suggested Treatment Protocols......Page 359
Safety......Page 361
Summary......Page 362
Ultraviolet Radiation......Page 369
Effect on Normal Human Tissue......Page 370
Effect on Eyes......Page 373
Ultraviolet Generators......Page 374
Ultraviolet Treatment Techniques......Page 375
Clinical Applications for Ultraviolet......Page 378
Summary......Page 380
Part Five: Mechanical Modalities......Page 387
The Physical Effects of Traction......Page 389
Lumbar Positional Traction......Page 394
Inversion Traction......Page 396
Manual Lumbar Traction......Page 397
Mechanical Lumbar Traction......Page 401
Manual Cervical Traction......Page 411
Mechanical Cervical Traction......Page 413
Summary......Page 415
14. Intermittent Compression Devices......Page 420
The Lymphatic System......Page 421
Injury Edema......Page 422
Treatment of Edema......Page 425
Intermittent Compression Treatment Techniques......Page 426
Sequential Compression Pumps......Page 430
Indications and Contraindications for Use......Page 431
Summary......Page 432
Part Six: Manual Modalities......Page 439
The Value of Manual Therapy Techniques......Page 441
Physiologic Effects of Massage......Page 442
Massage Treatment Considerations and Guidelines......Page 445
Massage Treatment Techniques......Page 450
Summary......Page 465
Relationship between Physiological and Accessory Motions......Page 473
Joint Arthrokinematics......Page 474
Joint Mobilization Techniques......Page 476
Joint Traction Techniques......Page 481
Mobilization and Traction Techniques......Page 482
Summary......Page 504
The Neurophysiological Basis of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation......Page 509
Rational for Use......Page 512
Basic Principles of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation......Page 513
Techniques of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation......Page 514
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Patterns......Page 517
Summary......Page 526
Part Seven: Summary......Page 531
18. The Physiologic Effects of Therapeutic Modality Intervention on the Body Systems......Page 533
Electrical Stimulating Currents......Page 534
Iontophoresis......Page 537
Biofeedback......Page 538
Cryotherapy Techniques......Page 539
Thermotherapy Techniques......Page 540
Therapeutic Ultrasound (US)......Page 543
Ultraviolet Therapy (UV)......Page 544
Traction (Manual and Mechanical)......Page 545
Compression Devices......Page 546
Massage......Page 547
Appendix A-1 Locations of the Motor Points......Page 552
Appendix A-2 List of Equipment Manufacturers and Distributors......Page 555
Appendix A-3 Units of Measure......Page 566
C......Page 567
E......Page 568
I......Page 569
M......Page 570
P......Page 571
S......Page 572
T......Page 573
Z......Page 574