Theranostics Approaches to Gastric and Colon Cancer

Preface
Contents
About the Series Editor
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Therapeutic Role of Phytochemicals in Colorectal Cancer
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Classification
		1.2.1 Polyphenols
		1.2.2 Phenolic Acids
		1.2.3 Derivatives of Benzoic Acid
		1.2.4 Derivatives of Cinnamic Acid
		1.2.5 Flavonoids
		1.2.6 Anthocyanins
		1.2.7 Flavones and Flavanones
		1.2.8 Flavanols
	1.3 Isoflavones
		1.3.1 Genistein
	1.4 Stilbenes
	1.5 Pterostilbene
		1.5.1 Resveratrol
	1.6 Curcuminoid
		1.6.1 Curcumin
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Adiponectin Signaling in Colorectal Cancer
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Biology of Adiponectin and Its Receptors
	2.3 Adeponectin Receptors
	2.4 Obesity  Adiponectin  CRC
	2.5 Evidence for the Association Between the Adiponectin and CRC
	2.6 Adiponectin Mediated Signalling in CRC
	2.7 Epidemiological Studies
	2.8 In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments
	2.9 Therapeutic Role of Adiponectin
	2.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Colorectal Cancer
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Colorectal Cancer
		3.2.1 Role of MMP1 in CRC
		3.2.2 Role of MMP13 in CRC
		3.2.3 Role of MMP2 in CRC
		3.2.4 Role of MMP9 in CRC
		3.2.5 Co-expression of MMP3 and MMP9 in CRC
		3.2.6 Role of MMP7 in CRC
		3.2.7 Role of MMP13 in CRC
		3.2.8 Role of MT1-MMP in CRC
		3.2.9 Role of MMP12 in CRC
	3.3 Role of Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases in Colorectal Cancer
	3.4 MMPs as Therapeutic Target
	References
Chapter 4: The Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-Alpha in Colorectal Cancer
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Overview of Colorectal Cancer
		4.1.2 Basic Pathophysiology of Colorectal Cancer
		4.1.3 HIF-1-Alpha
	4.2 Role of HIF-1-Alpha in Colorectal Cancer
	4.3 Current Investigations
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Mechanisms and Pathways of Metabolic Reprogramming of Colorectal Cancer
	5.1 Highlights
	5.2 Colorectal Cancer (CRC)
	5.3 CRC and Genetic Instability
	5.4 Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer
	5.5 Metabolic Remodeling and Wnt Signaling in Colon Cancer
	5.6 Detection/Diagnosis
	5.7 Lipid Metabolism
	5.8 Tryptophan Metabolism
	5.9 Glucose Metabolism
	5.10 Exercise Metabolism
	5.11 Therapies Based on Pathways
	5.12 Metabolic Toxicity in Colon Cancer
	5.13 Polyphenols in Colon Cancer
	5.14 Gut Metabolism in Colon Cancer
	5.15 Metabolic Targets of Colon Cancer
	5.16 Future Direction
	5.17 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Targeting Metabolic Reprogramming of Colorectal Cancer
	6.1 Metabolic Reprogramming
	6.2 Colorectal Cancer and Metabolic Changes Associated with Butyrate
	6.3 MYC Induced Global Metabolic Reprogramming of Colorectal Cancer
	6.4 Targeting Mitochondria and ROS in CRC
	6.5 Resveratrol Targeting Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex and Reverses the Warburg Effect in Colon Cancer Cells
	6.6 MicroRNA-26a Targeting PDHX in Colorectal Cancer Cells
	6.7 Reprogramming of Glutamine Metabolism by Oncogenic PIK3CA Mutations in Colorectal Cancer
	6.8 Targeting Lipid Metabolism as Therapeutic Strategy in Colorectal Cancer
	6.9 Metabolism Based Therapeutic Strategies Targeting CRC Stem Cells
	6.10 Targeting Autophagy in Colorectal Cancer
	6.11 Conclusion
	6.12 Future Direction
	References
Chapter 7: Understanding Colorectal Cancer: The Basics
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Epidemiology
	7.2 Risk Factors of Colorectal Cancer
		7.2.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
		7.2.2 Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
		7.2.3 Lynch Syndrome
		7.2.4 Cholecystectomy
		7.2.5 Ureterocolic Anastomosis
		7.2.6 Diabetes Mellitus
		7.2.7 Pelvic Radiotherapy
		7.2.8 Alcohol Consumption
		7.2.9 Smoking and Tobacco Consumption
		7.2.10 Food Habits
		7.2.11 Physical Activity and Obesity
		7.2.12 Socioeconomic Status
	7.3 Pathways Associated with Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer
	7.4 Biomarkers of Colorectal Cancer
	7.5 Treatment Regimens and Associated Toxicities
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Molecular Signaling Pathways Involved in Gastric Cancer Chemoresistance
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Oncogenes p53
	8.3 Growth Factor Receptor and Signaling
	8.4 PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway Activation
	8.5 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway
	8.6 NF-B Signaling Pathways
	8.7 EMT
	8.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Meta-Analysis Reveals no Significant Association of EPHX1 Tyr113His and His139Arg Polymorphisms with the Colorectal...
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Materials and Methods
		9.2.1 Data Extraction
		9.2.2 Statistical Analysis
	9.3 Results
		9.3.1 Characteristics of Studies
		9.3.2 Meta-Analysis of EPHX1 Tyr113His Polymorphism with CRC Risk
		9.3.3 Meta-Analysis Between EPHX1 His139Arg Polymorphism and CRC Risk
		9.3.4 Heterogeneity and Sensitivity Analysis
		9.3.5 Publication Bias
	9.4 Discussion
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Meta-Analysis of Genetic Variants in Alcohol Metabolizing Enzymes and their Association with Colorectal Cancer Risk
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Materials and Methods
		10.2.1 Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
		10.2.2 Statistical Analysis
	10.3 Results
		10.3.1 Characteristics of Included Studies
		10.3.2 Heterogeneity Analysis
		10.3.3 Overall and Subgroup Analyses for ADH1B Arg47His Polymorphism
		10.3.4 Overall and Subgroup Analyses for ALDH2 Glu487Lys Polymorphism
		10.3.5 Sensitivity Analysis and Publication Bias
	10.4 Discussion
	References
Chapter 11: Gut Microbiota as Signatures in Non-communicable Diseases and Mucosal Immunity
	11.1 Gut Microbiota and Human Body
	11.2 Role of Gut Microbiota in NCDs
	11.3 Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorder
		11.3.1 Obesity
		11.3.2 Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)
		11.3.3 Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) Mellitus
		11.3.4 Dyslipidemia
		11.3.5 Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
	11.4 Gut Microbiota in Immunological Disorder
		11.4.1 Autoimmune Disorder (AD)
		11.4.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
		11.4.3 Celiac Disease
		11.4.4 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
		11.4.5 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
	11.5 Role of Gut Microbiota on Neurological Disorders
		11.5.1 Autism
		11.5.2 Schizophrenia
		11.5.3 Alzheimer´s Disease (AD)
		11.5.4 Parkinson´s Disease (PD)
	11.6 Gut Microbiota in Other Disorders
		11.6.1 Cancers
		11.6.2 Chronic Heart Diseases
		11.6.3 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
	11.7 Mucosal Immunity and Gut-Microbiota
	11.8 Mucin-Desulfating Sulfatases and Gut Microbiota
	11.9 Gut Microbiota and Therapies
		11.9.1 Gut Microbiota as Present Drug Targets
		11.9.2 Mucosa Associated Gut Bacteria as Future Drug Targets
		11.9.3 Pre, Pro, Postbiotics and Feacal Microbiota Transplantation as Therapy
	References
Chapter 12: Immunotherapy for Colon Cancer: Recent Perspectives
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Adenocarcinoma
		12.1.2 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
		12.1.3 Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors
		12.1.4 Colorectal Lymphoma
		12.1.5 Hereditary Colorectal Cancers
	12.2 Symptoms
	12.3 Diagnosis
		12.3.1 Blood Tests and Imaging
		12.3.2 Molecular Testing of the Tumor
	12.4 Risk Factors
	12.5 Prognosis
	12.6 Immunotherapy
		12.6.1 Clinical Trials
		12.6.2 Total Studies
		12.6.3 Clinical Trials Registered in the United States
		12.6.4 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
		12.6.5 Clinical Trials Using PD-1 Inhibitors
		12.6.6 Total Studies
		12.6.7 Clinical Trials Registered in the United States
		12.6.8 Cancer Vaccines
	12.7 Vaccine Immunotherapy for CRC Patients
		12.7.1 Autologous Vaccines
		12.7.2 Total Studies
		12.7.3 Clinical Trials Registered in the United States
		12.7.4 Adoptive Immunotherapy
		12.7.5 Non-specific Immunotherapies
		12.7.6 Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)
	12.8 Recent Developments and Future Perspectives
	12.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Nanotechnology Applications in Gastric Cancer
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Nanoparticles in Biomedical Imaging for GC Diagnosis and Therapy
	13.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles
		13.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles
		13.3.2 Quantum Dots
		13.3.3 Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
	13.4 Organic Nanoparticles
		13.4.1 Dendrimers
		13.4.2 Liposomes
		13.4.3 Micelles
	13.5 Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
	13.6 The Preclinical and Clinical Trials of Nanoparticles
	13.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References