Theory of Language: The representational function of language

Theory of Language......Page 2
Title page......Page 4
LCC data\r......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface: Traces of Bühler’s Semiotic Legacy in Modern Linguistics\r......Page 14
1. What is at stake?......Page 15
2.1. The function of deixis......Page 19
2.2. Topic in adult competence and in early acquisition......Page 20
3. Bühler’s Organon model (Bühler 1934, English version 1990)......Page 21
4. The linguistic model devised by Tokieda (1950)......Page 25
5. Deictic and anaphoric perspectives of linguistic description......Page 26
6. I-mode and D-mode......Page 28
7.1. Reference to person......Page 29
7.2. Language typologies in terms of do vs. become......Page 34
7.3. The Japanese evaluating sentence, han-bun dan, and Bühler’s origo concept......Page 35
8. Pronouns and reflexives......Page 36
8.2. ‘Personal pronouns’ in Japanese: pronominal reference vs. full nominalreference......Page 37
9.1. Indexicals and deictics......Page 38
9.3. Multiple indexing......Page 40
10. Comparison......Page 41
11. Conclusion......Page 42
References......Page 43
I.......Page 50
II.......Page 54
III.......Page 66
References......Page 78
2. Manuscripts in Bühler\'s Literary Estate.......Page 79
Notes\r......Page 80
Translator\'s Preface......Page 82
KARL BUHLER: THEORY OF LANGUAGE THE REPRESENTATIONAL FUNCTION OF LANGUAGE......Page 88
Preface......Page 90
0. Historical works......Page 100
1. Paul\'s \"Principles of the History of Language\" — dependency on Descartes — natural sciences and history......Page 101
2. Saussure\'s \"Course\" — substance-oriented thought in the nineteenth century......Page 106
3. Husserl\'s programme in the \"Logical Investigations\"......Page 109
PART I. The Principles of Language Research......Page 114
1.1 Exact recordings — three manners of understanding......Page 116
1.2 Initial object of linguistic research — the conceptual world of the linguistic researcher......Page 120
1.3 Axioms of language research......Page 123
1.4 The four principles......Page 126
2.0 Manners of appearance of the concrete speech event......Page 129
2.1 Inadequacy of the causal view of substance-oriented thought......Page 130
2.2 The new model: the three semantic functions of language......Page 133
2.3 Expression and appeal as independent variables in addition to representation — the three books on language......Page 136
3.0 The constructive model of language......Page 139
3.1 The etyma of the words for sign......Page 143
3.2 Direct analysis of the concept of sign — comparative psychology — a general formula......Page 144
3.3 \"Aliquid stat pro aliquo\": two determinations......Page 146
3.4 The principle of abstractive relevance, illustrated by phonology......Page 149
3.5 The problem of abstraction......Page 151
3.6 Two forms of material fallacy......Page 153
4.0 Inadequacy of previous dichotomies: the four-celled pattern......Page 156
4.1 Speech action and language work — empractical speech — la parole......Page 159
4.2 The work of art in language — the theory of speech action......Page 162
4.3 The structures in language — criticism — structural survey in linguistics — the higher level of formalization — comparisons outside the linguistic realm — intersubjectivity......Page 166
4.4 Theory of speech acts — Steinthal and Husserl — appreciation of Husserl\'s theory of acts — the social factor in language......Page 171
5.0 The features of the concept of language......Page 180
5.1 Analysis of a one-class system of communicative signals......Page 181
5.2 The two-class system language — the dogma of lexicon and syntax......Page 184
5.3 The productivity of field systems......Page 187
5.4 Logic and linguistics......Page 188
PART II. The Deictic Field of Language and Deictic Words......Page 190
The signpost and the speech action......Page 192
The deictic field — modes of deixis......Page 193
Speech about perceptual things......Page 194
Psychological analysis......Page 195
6.0 Brugmann\'s modes of deixis and the general problem......Page 196
6.1 The myth of the deictic origin of language......Page 199
6.2 *to-deixis and ille-deixis......Page 202
6.3 The second and the third deictic mode......Page 204
6.4 Natural deictic clues......Page 206
6.5 Quality of origin and acoustic characterization of the voice......Page 207
6.6 Directions in thou-deixis and istic-deixis......Page 210
6.7 Yonder-deixis......Page 213
6.8 A general question......Page 215
7.0 The here-now-I system of subjective orientation......Page 216
7.1 The meaning of the deictic words from a logical perspective......Page 217
7.2 The words for \'here\' and \'I\' as cognates......Page 221
7.3 The indispensability of deictic clues......Page 225
7.4 The role of \'I\' and \'thou\'......Page 227
7.5 The usual classification of the pronouns — criticism......Page 230
7.6 The necessity of demonstration......Page 233
8.0 The second and third modes of deixis......Page 236
8.1 Ocular demonstration and imagination-oriented deixis as a psychological problem......Page 239
8.2 Subjective orientation when awake and its components......Page 242
8.3 Spatial orientation and deictic speech......Page 243
8.4 Movement of the origo in the tactile bodily image......Page 245
8.5 Temporal orientation......Page 247
8.6 The three types of imagination-oriented deixis......Page 248
8.7 Psychological reduction......Page 251
8.8 Displacements — dramatic and epic procedure......Page 253
9.0 The deictic field......Page 257
9.1 The inclusive and exclusive \'we\'......Page 258
9.2 Coalescence of deictic particles with prepositions......Page 261
9.3 Egocentric and topomnestic deixis — the class of \'prodemonstratives\' — examples from Japanese and Amerindian languages......Page 262
PART III. The Symbolic Field of Language and the Naming Words......Page 266
The programme......Page 268
10.0 The concept of surrounding field......Page 274
10.1 Empractical speech......Page 275
10.2 Materially attached names......Page 278
10.3 An analogy with heraldry......Page 281
10.4 Synsemantics of pictorial values in the painting......Page 285
10.5 The question of the ellipsis......Page 286
11.0 Syntax from without from Miklosich to Wackernagel......Page 289
11.1 Material clues and word classes......Page 291
11.2 Hermann Paul\'s list of context factors — reorganization in three classes — the completeness of these classes......Page 295
11.3 Plea for syntax from without......Page 299
12.0 The comparative survey......Page 302
12.1 Lexical signs and representational fields illustrated by two non-linguistic representational implements......Page 303
12.2 The painter\'s pictorial field, the actor\'s representational field, and a remark on field values......Page 304
12.3 The concept of the symbol — proposed definition......Page 307
12.4 The relationship between picture and symbol, fidelity to the appearance and relational fidelity......Page 310
12.5 The specificity of linguistic representation — analogy to the intermediary in the linguistic representational implement — the inner form of language......Page 314
13.0 There is no pictorial field in language......Page 319
13.1 The devotees of sound symbolism......Page 320
13.2 The pictorial potentials of the acoustic material......Page 322
13.3 Limits of depiction in the structural law of language......Page 325
13.4 An example from Werner\'s experiments......Page 327
13.5 Two groups of onomatopoetic words......Page 330
13.6 Older views of the import of sound symbolism......Page 332
13.7 Wilhelm Oehl\'s studies — factors counting against this......Page 334
14.0 Prescientific and scientific concepts......Page 341
14.1 The etymon — magical thought and naming — a result of psychology of thought: the spheres of meaning......Page 343
14.2 Synchytic concepts......Page 346
14.3 Incompatibility of radical nominalism with the core fact of phonology......Page 348
14.4 J. St. Mill about species names and proper names......Page 350
14.5 Husserl\'s doctrine of acts......Page 354
14.6 The interest of language research in the objectivist analysis — Husserl\'s monadic construction — connotation and etymon......Page 357
14.7 The living and governing etymon — concluding remarks on proper names......Page 360
15.0 Localist or logical, cases of inner determination, cases of outer determination......Page 364
15.1 Mixed systems in Indo-European — Wundt on the declension of neuter nouns — an overly broad concept of case......Page 365
15.2 Comparative review of the case systems of various language — what are outer and inner determination?......Page 369
15.3 Criticism of Wundt\'s theory — connotations of the verb......Page 371
15.4 Objective and subjective cases, the example of the lion\'s death......Page 374
15.5 The category of action and an inner form of language......Page 378
16.0 The idea of the symbolic field......Page 381
16.1 The discovery of syntactic schemata......Page 382
16.2 Objective verification of observations by means of experiential psychology......Page 383
16.3 Concluding remarks......Page 385
PART IV. The Make-up of Human Speech: Elements and Compositions......Page 386
Leibniz and Aristotle on synthesis and synthemata — summative wholes and Gestalten......Page 388
The constructive series: phoneme, word, sentence and compound sentence......Page 390
17.1 Materially determined and grammatical formation......Page 393
17.2 The acoustic theory of the syllable......Page 395
17.3 The motor theory of the syllable — ballistic pressure pulses......Page 399
17.4 Union of aspects — Stetson\'s criticism, counter-criticism — the resonance factor......Page 403
17.5 The result......Page 407
18.0 Phonemes as phonetic features......Page 408
18.1 Comparison between phonematic and chemical elements......Page 409
18.2 Sound shape and itemized description of word images......Page 412
18.3 Phonetic characteristics and material recognition features......Page 415
18.4 The number of syllables in German......Page 420
18.5 The central idea of phonology......Page 423
18.6 A new constancy law......Page 425
19.0 The idea of the pure lexicon......Page 428
19.1 Husserl\'s definition of simple meaning......Page 430
19.2 The inflected word and the compound......Page 433
19.3 The features of the concept word — proposed definition......Page 436
19.4 The problem of the word classes......Page 439
20.0 Mark of case and gender, modulus of the symbolic and field value of words......Page 444
20.1 History and theory of the article — the three functions according to Wackernagel......Page 447
20.2 The article as a substantive formant from the perspective of language theory......Page 451
20.3 *So-deixis as a parallel......Page 454
21.1 \"And\" used in numerals as an example — \"and\" as a conjunction — results: \"and\" to bundle things, \"and\" to conjoin sentences and clauses......Page 458
21.2 The pair compound......Page 463
22.0 The word with a compound symbolic meaning — Brugmann versus Paul......Page 464
22.1 The result of the language-historical survey......Page 467
22.2 Initial and final position in Schmidt\'s theory — criticism — new suggestion — law of correlation......Page 472
22.3 Plea for a distinction between attributive and predicative compounds......Page 478
22.4 Difference between nominal and verbal compounds......Page 480
22.5 The interference of the positional factor with intonational and phonematic modulations — preference for final position in the Romance languages......Page 483
22.6 The features of the concept of the word fulfilled by the compound......Page 485
23.0 The sematological core of the theory of the metaphor......Page 490
23.1 Psychological remarks — findings of historians of language — parallels outside of language — two metaphors by children......Page 491
23.2 The physiognomic gaze — pleasure in functioning......Page 494
23.3 The differential effect, the technical model of the double filter — the law of suppression — plasticity of meanings......Page 496
23.4 Werner\'s taboo hypothesis — criticism: the metaphor and paraphenomena......Page 499
23.5 General conclusion......Page 504
24.0 The philological idea of the sentence and grammar......Page 506
24.1 Ries\'s definition — the denizen\'s quarter......Page 507
24.2 Ries\'s three features treat different aspects......Page 511
24.3 Examination of the older definitions — the grammatical concept of the sentence......Page 515
25.0 The release of the utterance from the circumstances of speech — the feature of independence of the sense of the sentence......Page 517
25.1 Correlational sentences (nominal sentences)......Page 518
25.2 Self-sufficiency of the sense of the sentence — an analogy with the painting — the gradual release......Page 521
25.3 Exposition and subject......Page 525
25.4 The impersonal verbs......Page 527
25.5 The third person......Page 530
25.6 Absolutely deixis-free sentences in logic......Page 534
26.0 The joints of speech......Page 537
26.1 The old view of the essence of anaphora and a new view — criticism of Brugmann......Page 538
26.2 The word sequence in speech and the picture sequence in films......Page 543
26.3 The dream-like staging of imagination in the film and the waking staging in speech......Page 548
26.4 Wealth and poverty of anaphoric deixis......Page 550
27.0 The problem: multiple roots of the variety of forms......Page 551
27.1 Examples of lapidary and polyarthric speech — the emergence of the relative in Egyptian......Page 553
27.2 Paul\'s type......Page 556
27.3 Kretschmer’s type — an early stage — generalized version......Page 559
27.4 A comparison of the two types......Page 562
27.5 The concept of hypotaxis — field breach — Marty\'s suggestion, newer studies......Page 565
27.6 A new proposal: a theory of types......Page 570
Bibliography\r......Page 574
Glossary......Page 585
Index of names......Page 591
Index of topics......Page 595