Theories of the sign in classical antiquity

Theories of the Sign in Classical Antiquity......Page 2
Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Introduction......Page 13
1.0 Divination in Mesopotamian Culture......Page 17
1.1 Divination and Writing......Page 18
1.2 The Writing of the Gods......Page 21
1.3 An \"Ante Litteram\" Semiology......Page 22
1.4.\"Historical Oracles\" and Divinatory Empiricism......Page 23
1.4.2.1 The Associative Link Created through the Signifieds......Page 25
1.4.2.2 The Associative Link Created through the Signifiers......Page 26
1.4.3 Systematic Codes......Page 27
1.5 The Rendering Explicit of the Encoding Rules......Page 28
2.0 Divination and Knowledge......Page 30
2.1.2 Artificial Divination......Page 35
2.2 Two Models of Oracular Divination......Page 39
2.3 The Problem of Interpretation in Literary Uses of Oracles......Page 40
2.4 The Sign as Challenge: Divination and Riddles......Page 45
2.6 Divination and Persuasive Interpretation......Page 48
3.0 Introduction......Page 52
3.1 Ambiguity of the Prognosis......Page 53
3.2 Magical Medicine and Magical Semiotics......Page 55
3.3 Criticism of Magic and Sacred Semiotics......Page 56
3.5 Sight and the Other Senses......Page 57
3.6 Analogy and Conjecture......Page 59
3.7 Analogical Method and Semiotic Method......Page 60
3.8 Semiotic Method in the Methodological Treatises......Page 63
3.9 The Formal Structure of the Sign......Page 65
3.10 Ancient Expressive Modules......Page 66
4.1.1 Divine Communication......Page 69
4.1.3 The Signs of Writing......Page 70
4.1.4 The Sign as Inference......Page 71
4.2.1 The Semiotic Nature of Plato\'s Conception of Language......Page 72
4.2.2 Theory of Language in Cratylus......Page 73
4.2.3 Language and Dialectic......Page 74
4.2.4 The Name as Tool......Page 75
4.2.5 The Form (\"Eîdos\") and the Material of Names......Page 76
4.2.6 A First Semantic Theory......Page 77
4.2.7 A Second Semantic Theory......Page 79
4.2.8 Mimesis......Page 80
4.2.9 Use and Convention......Page 81
4.3 Theory of Language in Letter VII......Page 82
5.0 Introduction......Page 86
5.1.1 The Semiotic Triangle......Page 87
5.1.2 \"Spoken Sounds\"......Page 89
5.1.3 Animal Language......Page 90
5.1.4 The \"Affections of the Soul\"......Page 91
5.1.5 Semantic and Apophantic......Page 92
5.2.1 Definition......Page 93
5.2.3 Inference from the Consequent......Page 95
5.3.1 The Tekmerion* as Sign in the First Figure of the Syllogism......Page 96
5.3.2 The Second and Third Figures of the Syllogism and Semeion*......Page 97
5.3.3 Classification......Page 99
5.4 A Special Type of Non-Linguistic Sign: Physiognomy......Page 100
5.5 The Undermining of Knowledge Gained Through Signs......Page 103
5.6 Deduction and Abduction......Page 106
6.0 Introduction......Page 108
6.1.1 The Semiotic Triangle......Page 109
6.1.2 Lektón as \"Statement\"......Page 110
6.1.3 The Relationship between Lektá and Thought......Page 111
6.2.1 Lektón and the Theory of the Sign......Page 113
6.2.2.1 Sign Types: (A) \"Common\" and \"Particular\"......Page 115
6.2.2.2 Sigh Types: (B) \"Commemorative\" and \"Indicative\"......Page 116
6.2.3 The Structure of the Sign in \"The Conditional\"......Page 119
6.2.4.1 The Debate on the Nature of Conditionals......Page 120
6.2.4.2 Implication according to Philo......Page 121
6.2.4.4 Chrysippus\' \"Connective Implication\" (\"Synártesis*\")......Page 122
6.3 Conclusion......Page 123
7.0 Introduction......Page 127
7.1 The Truth Criterion and Epicurean Epistemology......Page 128
7.3 The Idols Theory......Page 129
7.4 The Theory of Error and of Opinion......Page 131
7.5 Conjecture......Page 132
7.6 Inference from Signs......Page 134
7.7 Prolepsis......Page 135
7.8 Theory of Language......Page 136
7.9 The Origin of Language......Page 137
7.10 Epicurus and the \"Physis\"*/\"Nómos\" Tradition......Page 138
8.1 The Sign Relationships: \"A Priori\" or \"A Posteriori\"......Page 140
8.2 Elimination vs. Inconceivability......Page 142
8.3 Common Signs and Particular Signs......Page 144
8.4 Stoic Criticism of Epicurean Induction......Page 145
8.5 The Epicurean Response in Favor of Induction......Page 146
8.6 Essential Properties and Incidental Properties......Page 147
8.7 Modalities of Inherentness of Essential Properties to Their Subjects......Page 151
8.8 Conclusion......Page 152
9.0 Introduction......Page 155
9.1.1 Probability......Page 157
9.1.4 Uncontrollable Physical Reactions......Page 158
9.1.5 Classification and Argumentative Force of Cornificius\' Signs......Page 159
9.2.1 De Inventione......Page 160
9.2.1.1 Necessary and Weak Reference......Page 161
9.2.2 Partitiones Oratoriae......Page 162
9.2.2.1 Verisimiles and Characteristic Signs......Page 163
9.2.3 Cicero\'s Works on Divination......Page 164
9.2.3.1 \"Artificial\" Divination......Page 165
9.2.3.2 \"Natural\" Divination......Page 166
9.3 Quintilian......Page 167
9.3.1 Formal and Epistemological Nature of Quintilian\'s Rhetoric......Page 168
9.3.2 Necessary Signs......Page 169
9.3.4 Material Clues......Page 170
10.0 Unification of the Theory of Signs and the Theory of Language......Page 173
10.1 The Semiotic Triangle and Terminological Stratification......Page 174
10.2 The Relation of Equivalence and the Relation of Implication......Page 175
10.3 Consequences of the Unification of Perspectives......Page 176
10.4 Language and Information......Page 177
10.5 Expression and Communication of the Inner Word......Page 178
10.6 Classifications......Page 179
10.6.1 \'\'Res\'\' and \"Signa\"......Page 180
10.6.3 Classifying Signs according to Channels of Perception......Page 181
10.6.4 \"Signa Naturalia\" and \"Signa Data\"......Page 182
10.7 Unlimited Semiosis and \"Instructional\" Models......Page 183
Two.  Greek Divination......Page 185
Three.  Signs and Semiosic Processes in Greek Medicine......Page 187
Five.  Language and Signs in Aristotle......Page 188
Six.  Theory of Language and Semiotics in the Stoic Philosophers......Page 189
Eight.  Philodemus......Page 192
Ten.  Augustine......Page 194
Bibliography......Page 195