Theories of Personality

Title
Contents
PART I Introduction
	CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Personality Theory
		What Is Personality?
		What Is a Theory?
			Theory Defined
			Theory and Its Relatives
			Philosophy
			Speculation
			Hypothesis
			Taxonomy
		Why Different Theories?
		Theorists’ Personalities and Their Theories of Personality
		What Makes a Theory Useful?
			Generates Research
			Is Falsifiable
			Organizes Data
			Guides Action
			Is Internally Consistent
			Is Parsimonious
		Dimensions for a Concept of Humanity
		Research in Personality Theory
PART II Psychodynamic Theories
	CHAPTER 2 Freud: Psychoanalysis
		Overview of Psychoanalytic Theory
		Biography of Sigmund Freud
		Levels of Mental Life
			Unconscious
			Preconscious
			Conscious
		Provinces of the Mind
			The Id
			The Ego
			The Superego
		Dynamics of Personality
		Drives
			Sex
			Aggression
		Anxiety
		Defense Mechanisms
			Repression
			Reaction Formation
			Displacement
			Fixation
			Regression
			Projection
			Introjection
			Sublimation
		Stages of Development
			Infantile Period
				Oral Phase
				Anal Phase
				Phallic Phase
				Male Oedipus Complex
				Female Oedipus Complex
			Latency Period
			Genital Period
			Maturity
		Applications of Psychoanalytic Theory
			Freud’s Early Therapeutic Technique
			Freud’s Later Therapeutic Technique
			Dream Analysis
			Freudian Slips
		Related Research
			Unconscious Mental Processing
			Pleasure and the Id: Inhibition and the Ego
			Repression, Inhibition, and Defense Mechanisms
			Research on Dreams
		Critique of Freud
			Did Freud Understand Women?
			Was Freud a Scientist?
		Concept of Humanity
	CHAPTER 3 Adler: Individual Psychology
		Overview of Individual Psychology
		Biography of Alfred Adler
		Introduction to Adlerian Theory
		Striving for Success or Superiority
			The Final Goal
			The Striving Force as Compensation
			Striving for Personal Superiority
			Striving for Success
		Subjective Perceptions
			Fictionalism
			Physical Inferiorities
		Unity and Self-Consistency of Personality
			Organ Dialect
			Conscious and Unconscious
		Social Interest
			Origins of Social Interest
			Importance of Social Interest
		Style of Life
			Creative Power
			Abnormal Development
			General Description
			External Factors in Maladjustment
			Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies
			Pampered Style of Life
			Neglected Style of Life
			Safeguarding Tendencies
			Excuses
			Aggression
			Withdrawal
			Masculine Protest
			Origins of the Masculine Protest
			Adler, Freud, and the Masculine Protest
		Applications of Individual Psychology
			Family Constellation
			Early Recollections
			Dreams
			Psychotherapy
		Related Research
			Early Recollections and Career Choice
			Early Childhood and Health-Related Issues
			Early Recollections and Counseling Outcomes
		Critique of Adler
		Concept of Humanity
	CHAPTER 4 Jung: Analytical Psychology
		Overview of Analytical Psychology
		Biography of Carl Jung
		Levels of the Psyche
			Conscious
			Personal Unconscious
			Collective Unconscious
			Archetypes
			Persona
			Shadow
			Anima
			Animus
			Great Mother
			Wise Old Man
			Hero
			Self
		Dynamics of Personality
			Causality and Teleology
			Progression and Regression
		Psychological Types
			Attitudes
			Introversion
			Extraversion
			Functions
			Thinking
			Feeling
			Sensing
			Intuiting
		Development of Personality
			Stages of Development
			Childhood
			Youth
			Middle Life
			Old Age
			Self-Realization
		Jung’s Methods of Investigation
			Word Association Test
			Dream Analysis
			Active Imagination
			Psychotherapy
		Related Research
			Personality Type and Investing Money
			Personality Type and Interest in and Attrition From Engineering
		Critique of Jung
		Concept of Humanity
	CHAPTER 5 Klein: Object Relations Theory
		Overview of Object Relations Theory
		Biography of Melanie Klein
		Introduction to Object Relations Theory
		Psychic Life of the Infant
		Phantasies
		Objects
		Positions
		Paranoid-Schizoid Position
		Depressive Position
		Psychic Defense Mechanisms
		Introjection
		Projection
		Splitting
		Projective Identification
		Internalizations
		Ego
		Superego
		Oedipus Complex
		Female Oedipal Development
		Male Oedipal Development
		Later Views on Object Relations
		Margaret Mahler’s View
		Heinz Kohut’s View
		John Bowlby’s Attachment Theory
		Mary Ainsworth and the Strange Situation
		Psychotherapy
		Related Research
		Object Relations and Eating Disorders
		Attachment Theory and Adult Relationships
		Critique of Object Relations Theory
		Concept of Humanity
	CHAPTER 6 Horney: Psychoanalytic Social Theory
		Overview of Psychoanalytic Social Theory
		Biography of Karen Horney
		Introduction to Psychoanalytic Social Theory
		Horney and Freud Compared
		The Impact of Culture
		The Importance of Childhood Experiences
		Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety
		Compulsive Drives
		Neurotic Needs
		Neurotic Trends
		Moving Toward People
		Moving Against People
		Moving Away From People
		Intrapsychic Conflicts
		The Idealized Self-Image
		The Neurotic Search for Glory
		Neurotic Claims
		Neurotic Pride
		Self-Hatred
		Feminine Psychology
		Psychotherapy
		Related Research
		The Neurotic Compulsion to Avoid the Negative
		Can Neuroticism Ever Be a Good Thing?
		Critique of Horney
		Concept of Humanity
	CHAPTER 7 Fromm: Humanistic Psychoanalysis
		Overview of Humanistic Psychoanalysis
		Biography of Erich Fromm
		Fromm’s Basic Assumptions
		Human Needs
		Relatedness
		Transcendence
		Rootedness
		Sense of Identity
		Frame of Orientation
		Summary of Human Needs
		The Burden of Freedom
		Mechanisms of Escape
		Authoritarianism
		Destructiveness
		Conformity
		Positive Freedom
		Character Orientations
		Nonproductive Orientations
		Receptive
		Exploitative
		Hoarding
		Marketing
		The Productive Orientation
		Personality Disorders
		Necrophilia
		Malignant Narcissism
		Incestuous Symbiosis
		Psychotherapy
		Fromm’s Methods of Investigation
		Social Character in a Mexican Village
		A Psychohistorical Study of Hitler
		Related Research
		Estrangement From Culture and Well-Being
		The Burden of Freedom and Political Persuasions
		Critique of Fromm
		Concept of Humanity
	CHAPTER 8 Sullivan: Interpersonal Theory
		Overview of Interpersonal Theory
		Biography of Harry Stack Sullivan
		Tensions
		Needs
		Anxiety
		Energy Transformations
		Dynamisms
		Malevolence
		Intimacy
		Lust
		Self-System
		Personifications
		Bad-Mother, Good-Mother
		Me Personifications
		Eidetic Personifications
		Levels of Cognition
		Prototaxic Level
		Parataxic Level
		Syntaxic Level
		Stages of Development
		Infancy
		Childhood
		Juvenile Era
		Preadolescence
		Early Adolescence
		Late Adolescence
		Adulthood
		Psychological Disorders
		Psychotherapy
		Related Research
		The Pros and Cons of “Chums” for Girls and Boys
		Imaginary Friends
		Critique of Sullivan
		Concept of Humanity
	CHAPTER 9 Erikson: Post-Freudian Theory
		Overview of Post-Freudian Theory
		Biography of Erik Erikson
		The Ego in Post-Freudian Theory
		Society’s Influence
		Epigenetic Principle
		Stages of Psychosocial Development
		Infancy
		Oral-Sensory Mode
		Basic Trust Versus Basic Mistrust
		Hope: The Basic Strength of Infancy
		Early Childhood
		Anal-Urethral-Muscular Mode
		Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt
		Will: The Basic Strength of Early Childhood
		Play Age
		Genital-Locomotor Mode
		Initiative Versus Guilt
		Purpose: The Basic Strength of the Play Age
		School Age
		Latency
		Industry Versus Inferiority
		Competence: The Basic Strength of the School Age
		Adolescence
		Puberty
		Identity Versus Identity Confusion
		Fidelity: The Basic Strength of Adolescence
		Young Adulthood
		Genitality
		Intimacy Versus Isolation
		Love: The Basic Strength of Young Adulthood
		Adulthood
		Procreativity
		Generativity Versus Stagnation
		Care: The Basic Strength of Adulthood
		Old Age
		Generalized Sensuality
		Integrity Versus Despair
		Wisdom: The Basic Strength of Old Age
		Summary of the Life Cycle
		Erikson’s Methods of Investigation
		Anthropological Studies
		Psychohistory
		Related Research
		Generativity and Parenting
		Generativity Versus Stagnation
		Critique of Erikson
		Concept of Humanity
PART III Humanistic/Existential Theories
	CHAPTER 10 Maslow: Holistic-Dynamic Theory
		Overview of Holistic-Dynamic Theory
		Biography of Abraham H. Maslow
		Maslow’s View of Motivation
		Hierarchy of Needs
		Physiological Needs
		Safety Needs
		Love and Belongingness Needs
		Esteem Needs
		Self-Actualization Needs
		Aesthetic Needs
		Cognitive Needs
		Neurotic Needs
		General Discussion of Needs
		Reversed Order of Needs
		Unmotivated Behavior
		Expressive and Coping Behavior
		Deprivation of Needs
		Instinctoid Nature of Needs
		Comparison of Higher and Lower Needs
		Self-Actualization
		Maslow’s Quest for the Self-Actualizing Person
		Criteria for Self-Actualization
		Values of Self-Actualizers
		Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People
		More Efficient Perception of Reality
		Acceptance of Self, Others, and Nature
		Spontaneity, Simplicity, and Naturalness
		Problem-Centering
		The Need for Privacy
		Autonomy
		Continued Freshness of Appreciation
		The Peak Experience
		Gemeinschaftsgefühl
		Profound Interpersonal Relations
		The Democratic Character Structure
		Discrimination Between Means and Ends
		Philosophical Sense of Humor
		Creativeness
		Resistance to Enculturation
		Love, Sex, and Self-Actualization
		Philosophy of Science
		Measuring Self-Actualization
		The Jonah Complex
		Psychotherapy
		Related Research
		Positive Psychology
		Personality Development, Growth, and Goals
		Critique of Maslow
		Concept of Humanity
	CHAPTER 11 Rogers: Person-Centered Theory
		Overview of Client-Centered Theory
		Biography of Carl Rogers
		Person-Centered Theory
		Basic Assumptions
		Formative Tendency
		Actualizing Tendency
		The Self and Self-Actualization
		The Self-Concept
		The Ideal Self
		Awareness
		Levels of Awareness
		Denial of Positive Experiences
		Becoming a Person
		Barriers to Psychological Health
		Conditions of Worth
		Incongruence
		Vulnerability
		Anxiety and Threat
		Defensiveness
		Disorganization
		Psychotherapy
		Conditions
		Counselor Congruence
		Unconditional Positive Regard
		Empathic Listening
		Process
		Stages of Therapeutic Change
		Theoretical Explanation for Therapeutic Change
		Outcomes
		The Person of Tomorrow
		Philosophy of Science
		The Chicago Studies
		Hypotheses
		Method
		Findings
		Summary of Results
		Related Research
		Self-Discrepancy Theory
		Motivation and Pursuing One’s Goals
		Critique of Rogers
		Concept of Humanity
	CHAPTER 12 May: Existential Psychology
		Overview of Existential Psychology
		Biography of Rollo May
		Background of Existentialism
		What Is Existentialism?
		Basic Concepts
		Being-in-the-World
		Nonbeing
		The Case of Philip
		Anxiety
		Normal Anxiety
		Neurotic Anxiety
		Guilt
		Intentionality
		Care, Love, and Will
		Union of Love and Will
		Forms of Love
		Sex
		Eros
		Philia
		Agape
		Freedom and Destiny
		Freedom Defined
		Forms of Freedom
		Existential Freedom
		Essential Freedom
		What Is Destiny?
		Philip’s Destiny
		The Power of Myth
		Psychopathology
		Psychotherapy
		Related Research
		Mortality Salience and Denial of Our Animal Nature
		Fitness as a Defense Against Mortality Awareness
		Critique of May
		Concept of Humanity
PART IV Dispositional Theories
	CHAPTER 13 Allport: Psychology of the Individual
		Overview of Allport’s Psychology of the Individual
		Biography of Gordon Allport
		Allport’s Approach to Personality Theory
		What Is Personality?
		What Is the Role of Conscious Motivation?
		What Are the Characteristics of a Healthy Person?
		Structure of Personality
		Personal Dispositions
		Levels of Personal Dispositions
		Cardinal Dispositions
		Central Dispositions
		Secondary Dispositions
		Motivational and Stylistic Dispositions
		Proprium
		Motivation
		A Theory of Motivation
		Functional Autonomy
		Perseverative Functional Autonomy
		Propriate Functional Autonomy
		Criterion for Functional Autonomy
		Processes That Are Not Functionally Autonomous
		The Study of the Individual
		Morphogenic Science
		The Diaries of Marion Taylor
		Letters From Jenny
		Related Research
		Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Religious Orientation
		How to Reduce Prejudice: Optimal Contact
		Critique of Allport
		Concept of Humanity
	CHAPTER 14 Eysenck, McCrae, and Costa’s Trait and Factor Theories
		Overview of Trait and Factor Theories
		Biography of Hans J. Eysenck
		The Pioneering Work of Raymond B. Cattell
		Basics of Factor Analysis
		Eysenck’s Factor Theory
		Criteria for Identifying Factors
		Hierarchy of Behavior Organization
		Dimensions of Personality
		Extraversion
		Neuroticism
		Psychoticism
		Measuring Personality
		Biological Bases of Personality
		Personality as a Predictor
		Personality and Behavior
		Personality and Disease
		The Big Five: Taxonomy or Theory?
		Biographies of Robert R. McCrae and Paul T. Costa, Jr.
		In Search of the Big Five
		Five Factors Found
		Description of the Five Factors
		Evolution of the Five-Factor Theory
		Units of the Five-Factor Theory
		Core Components of Personality
		Basic Tendencies
		Characteristic Adaptations
		Self-Concept
		Peripheral Components
		Biological Bases
		Objective Biography
		External Influences
		Basic Postulates
		Postulates for Basic Tendencies
		Postulates for Characteristic Adaptations
		Related Research
		The Biology of Personality Traits
		Traits and Academics
		Traits and Emotion
		Critique of Trait and Factor Theories
		Concept of Humanity
PART V Learning Theories
	CHAPTER 15 Skinner: Behavioral Analysis
		Overview of Behavioral Analysis
		Biography of B. F. Skinner
		Precursors to Skinner’s Scientific Behaviorism
		Scientific Behaviorism
		Philosophy of Science
		Characteristics of Science
		Conditioning
		Classical Conditioning
		Operant Conditioning
		Shaping
		Reinforcement
		Positive Reinforcement
		Negative Reinforcement
		Punishment
		Effects of Punishment
		Punishment and Reinforcement Compared
		Conditioned and Generalized Reinforcers
		Schedules of Reinforcement
		Fixed-Ratio
		Variable-Ratio
		Fixed-Interval
		Variable-Interval
		Extinction
		The Human Organism
		Natural Selection
		Cultural Evolution
		Inner States
		Self-Awareness
		Drives
		Emotions
		Purpose and Intention
		Complex Behavior
		Higher Mental Processes
		Creativity
		Unconscious Behavior
		Dreams
		Social Behavior
		Control of Human Behavior
		Social Control
		Self-Control
		The Unhealthy Personality
		Counteracting Strategies
		Inappropriate Behaviors
		Psychotherapy
		Related Research
		How Conditioning Affects Personality
		How Personality Affects Conditioning
		Reinforcement and the Brain
		Critique of Skinner
		Concept of Humanity
	CHAPTER 16 Bandura: Social Cognitive Theory
		Overview of Social Cognitive Theory
		Biography of Albert Bandura
		Learning
		Observational Learning
		Modeling
		Processes Governing Observational Learning
		Attention
		Representation
		Behavioral Production
		Motivation
		Enactive Learning
		Triadic Reciprocal Causation
		An Example of Triadic Reciprocal Causation
		Chance Encounters and Fortuitous Events
		Human Agency
		Core Features of Human Agency
		Self-Efficacy
		What Is Self-Efficacy?
		What Contributes to Self-Efficacy?
		Mastery Experiences
		Social Modeling
		Social Persuasion
		Physical and Emotional States
		Proxy Agency
		Collective Efficacy
		Self-Regulation
		External Factors in Self-Regulation
		Internal Factors in Self-Regulation
		Self-Observation
		Judgmental Process
		Self-Reaction
		Self-Regulation Through Moral Agency
		Redefine the Behavior
		Disregard or Distort the Consequences of Behavior
		Dehumanize or Blame the Victims
		Displace or Diffuse Responsibility
		Dysfunctional Behavior
		Depression
		Phobias
		Aggression
		Therapy
		Related Research
		Self-Efficacy and Terrorism
		Self-Efficacy and Diabetes
		Critique of Bandura
		Concept of Humanity
	CHAPTER 17 Rotter and Mischel: Cognitive Social Learning Theory
		Overview of Cognitive Social Learning Theory
		Biography of Julian Rotter
		Introduction to Rotter’s Social Learning Theory
		Predicting Specific Behaviors
		Behavior Potential
		Expectancy
		Reinforcement Value
		Psychological Situation
		Basic Prediction Formula
		Predicting General Behaviors
		Generalized Expectancies
		Needs
		Categories of Needs
		Recognition-Status
		Dominance
		Independence
		Protection-Dependency
		Love and Affection
		Physical Comfort
		Need Components
		Need Potential
		Freedom of Movement
		Need Value
		General Prediction Formula
		Internal and External Control of Reinforcement
		Interpersonal Trust Scale
		Maladaptive Behavior
		Psychotherapy
		Changing Goals
		Eliminating Low Expectancies
		Introduction to Mischel’s Personality Theory
		Biography of Walter Mischel
		Background of the Cognitive-Affective Personality System
		Consistency Paradox
		Person-Situation Interaction
		Cognitive-Affective Personality System
		Behavior Prediction
		Situation Variables
		Cognitive-Affective Units
		Encoding Strategies
		Competencies and Self-Regulatory Strategies
		Expectancies and Beliefs
		Goals and Values
		Affective Responses
		Related Research
		Locus of Control and Holocaust Heroes
		Person-Situation Interaction
		Critique of Cognitive Social Learning Theory
		Concept of Humanity
	CHAPTER 18 Kelly: Psychology of Personal Constructs
		Overview of Personal Construct Theory
		Biography of George Kelly
		Kelly’s Philosophical Position
		Person as Scientist
		Scientist as Person
		Constructive Alternativism
		Personal Constructs
		Basic Postulate
		Supporting Corollaries
		Similarities Among Events
		Differences Among People
		Relationships Among Constructs
		Dichotomy of Constructs
		Choice Between Dichotomies
		Range of Convenience
		Experience and Learning
		Adaptation to Experience
		Incompatible Constructs
		Similarities Among People
		Social Processes
		Applications of Personal Construct Theory
		Abnormal Development
		Threat
		Fear
		Anxiety
		Guilt
		Psychotherapy
		The Rep Test
		Related Research
		Gender as a Personal Construct
		Smoking and Self-Concept
		Personal Constructs and the Big Five
		Critique of Kelly
		Concept of Humanity
References R-
Glossary G-
Photo Credits C-
Name Index N-
Subject Index S-