Theories and Applications of Counseling and Psychotherapy: Relevance Across Cultures and Settings

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview
	The Start of Contemporary Therapy and Theory
		Establishing a Foundation for New Theories and Therapies
	Therapy’s Relationship to Theory
	Attributes Used to Judge the Soundness of a Theory
		Assessing Effectiveness
	The Authors’ Approach to Writing This Textbook
		Terminology
		Target Audiences
		Foci of the 12 Theory Chapters
	Connecting the Dots: Seeing the Big Picture
		Providing Greater Understanding by Moving Beyond Words
	Reappearing Case Study Used in Each Theoretical Chapter
	The Case of Miguel Sanchez
	Ongoing Exercise That Concludes in Chapter 15
Chapter 2. Counselor Role and Functions, Professional Ethics, Stress, and Self-Care
	Introduction
		A Brief History of Professional Counseling
		A Brief History of Counseling Psychology
		Managed Care Demands
	Professional Ethics
		Personal Motivation of a Counselor
		Values and Responsibility of a Counselor
		Informed Consent
		Record Keeping
	ACA Code of Ethics
		Confidentiality
		Multiple Role Relationships
		Professional Counselor Competence
	APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct
		Confidentiality
		Multiple Role Relationships
		Competence
	Ethical Decision Making: Professional Counselors and Counseling Psychologists
		Steps in Ethical Decision Making
		Code of Ethics Versus the Law
		Online Counseling
	Therapist Well-Being and Burnout
		Well-Being
		Burnout of Human Service Providers
	What Is Self-Care?
		Physical Self-Care
		Emotional Self-Care
		Spiritual Self-Care
		Intellectual Self-Care
		Social Self-Care
		Relational Self-Care
		Safety and Security Self-Care
		Self-Care Plan
Chapter 3. Psychoanalytic Theory
	Introduction
	Historical Context
	When the Past Overtakes the Present: The Case of William S.
	Sigmund Freud’s Contribution
	Basic Concepts
		Human Nature
		Dynamic Unconscious
		Structural Hypothesis of Mind
		Drives
		Anxiety
		Ego-Defense Mechanisms
		Personality: Stages of Development
	The Therapeutic Process
		Assessment
		Goals
		Therapist’s Role
		Client’s Role
		Techniques and Strategies
	Beyond Freud
		Group Therapy
		Deviations From Freudian Theory and Therapy
		Contemporary Investigations: Moving Beyond Freud’s Methodology
	Appropriate Client Populations
	Multiculturalism and Social Justice
		Multiculturalism
		Social Justice
	Limitations and Criticisms of Psychoanalysis
	Contemporary Research Support
	Relevance of Psychoanalytic Theory
	Special Ethical Considerations
	Application: Psychoanalytic Theory
	When the Past Overtakes the Present: Returning to the Case of William S.
		The Case of Miguel Sanchez
Chapter 4. Adlerian Theory
	Individual Psychology: An Introduction
	Alfred Adler: Inside and Outside the Inner Circle
	Hypothetical Case Study: The “Man of a Thousand Faces” Enters Therapy With Alfred Adler
	The Adlerian Approach: Individual Psychology
	Major Concepts
		Human Nature
		Social Interest
		Conscious and Unconscious Mental Activity
		Polarities: The First and Last Steps
		Style of Life
		Human Development
		Birth Order in the Family and Its Contribution to One’s Personality
	Therapy
		Goal of Therapy
		Therapist’s Role
		Client’s Role
		The 1-2-3-4 of Therapy
		Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures
		Process of Change
	Research Support
	Individual Psychology and Social Justice
	Multicultural Perspective
	Relevance of the Adlerian Approach
	Special Ethical Considerations
	Criticisms of the Adlerian Approach
	Application: Adlerian Theory
	Revisiting the Hypothetical Case of Lon Chaney, Sr.
		The Case of Miguel Sanchez
Chapter 5. Existential Theory
	Introduction
	To Be or Not To Be: The Case of Juan
	Key Players of Existentialism
		Viktor Frankl
		Frankl’s Logotherapy
		Rollo Reese May
		May’s Existentialism
		Irvin Yalom
	Historical Context
	Basic Concepts of Existential Therapy
		Freedom, Responsibility, and Self-Awareness
		Identity, Aloneness, and Relatedness
		Meaning-Making
		Life, Death, and Anxiety
	The Therapeutic Process
		Goals
		Therapist’s Role
		Client’s Role
		Therapeutic Change
		Assessment
		Techniques and Strategies
	Multiculturalism and Social Justice
	Ethical Considerations
	Evaluating Existential Theory
		Research Support
	Limitations and Criticisms of Existentialism
	Relevance to Current Practice
	Applying Theory to Practice
	Returning to the Case of Juan
		Returning to the Multicultural Case of the Sanchez Family
Chapter 6. Person-Centered Theory
	Introduction
	Historical Context
	The Case of Fernando: Infidelity and Depression
	Carl Rogers: The Person and Founder of Person-Centered Therapy
	Basic Concepts
		Actualizing Tendency
		Six Core Conditions
		Development of the Person
	The Therapeutic Process
		Goals
		Therapist’s Role
		Client’s Role
		Assessment
		Techniques and Strategies
	Variants and Extensions of Person-Centered Therapy
		The Experiential Wing of Person-Centered Therapy
		Emotion-Focused Therapy
	Multiculturalism and Social Justice
		Multicultural Perspective
		Social Justice
	Special Ethical Considerations
	Research Support
	Limitations and Criticism
	Relevance to Current Practice
	Applying Person-Centered Theory
	Returning to the Case of Fernando
		The Case of Miguel Sanchez
Chapter 7. Gestalt Theory
	Introduction
	The Hypothetical Case of a Dream Within a Dream
	Historical Context
		Fritz and Laura Perls
	Legacy
	Basic Concepts
		Human Nature
		Gestalt Psychology and Gestalt Therapy
		Organism and Environment
		Gestalt Formation: Figure and Ground
		Personality and Development
		Mental Processes Involved in Personality Development
		Topdog and Underdog
		Character and Individual Nature
	The Therapeutic Process
		Role of Resistance
		Assessment and Diagnosis
		Therapeutic Goal
		Therapist’s Role
		Client’s Role
		Techniques and Strategies
		Termination: Therapy’s Closure
		Process of Change
	Limitations and Criticisms of Gestalt Therapy
	Application of Gestalt Therapy to Multicultural Populations
	Social Justice
	Research Support
	Relevance of Theory
	Special Ethical Considerations
	Application: Gestalt Theory
	Returning to the Hypothetical Case of a Dream Within a Dream
		The Case of Miguel Sanchez
Chapter 8. Behavioral Theory
	Introduction
	Historical Context
	The Case of Herlinda: The Alarming Teenager
	Key Players
	Basic Concepts
		Empiricism Over Mentalism
		Present Over Past
		Power of Environment
		Behavior Matters
		Learning Is the Key
		Mindfulness
	The Therapeutic Process
		Assessment
		Goals
		Therapist’s Role
		Client’s Role
		Techniques and Strategies
	Terminology
	Multiculturalism and Social Justice
		A Cinematic Illustration of the Concept of Radical Acceptance
	Research: Evaluating Behavioral Approaches
	Limitations and Criticisms of Behavioral Approaches
	Relevance of Theory
	Special Ethical Considerations
	Application: Behavioral Approaches
	Returning to the Case of Herlinda
		Returning to the Multicultural Case of the Sanchez Family
		Relation Building/Relationship
Chapter 9. Cognitive-Behavioral Theory
	Introduction
	Key Players of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
	The Case of Andrea: A Bisexual Woman With Anxiety
	Historical Context
		Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Compared With Radical Behaviorism
	Basic Concepts
		Cognitive Schemas
		Cognitive Distortions
		Behavioral Work
	The Therapeutic Process
		Goals
		Therapist’s Role
		Client’s Role
		Therapeutic Change in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
		Assessment
		Techniques and Strategies
	Currently Popular Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
		Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
		Acceptance and Commitment Therapy or ACT
		Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
		Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Veterans
	Multiculturalism and Social Justice
	Special Ethical Considerations
	Evaluating the Theory
		Research Support
	Limitations and Criticisms of the Theory
	Relevance to Current-Day Practice
	Applying Theory to Therapy
	Returning to the Case of Andrea
		Returning to the Multicultural Case of the Sanchez Family
Chapter 10. Reality Therapy and Choice Theory
	Introduction
	Hypothetical Case Study: The Street Artist Who Meets Reality and Is Confronted With Choice
	The Roots of Reality Therapy and Choice Theory: William Glasser
	Reality Therapy and Choice Theory
	Major Concepts
		Human Nature
		Human Development
	Therapy
		Goal of Therapy
		Therapist’s Role
		Client’s Role
		Therapeutic Techniques and Strategies
		Process of Change
	Moving Beyond the Reality Therapy of the 1960s
	Research Support
	Relevance of Theory
	Social Justice and Multiculturalism
	Criticisms of Reality Therapy and Choice Theory
	Application: Reality Therapy and Choice Theory
	Revisiting the Hypothetical Case Study: The Street Artist Who Meets Reality and Is Confronted With Choice
		The Case of Miguel Sanchez
Chapter 11. Feminist Therapy Approaches
	Introduction
	The Case of Tim, a Transgender Client
	Key Players in Feminist Therapy
		Jean Baker Miller
		Lenore Walker
		Laura Brown
	Historical Context
	Basic Concepts
		Gender
		Marginalization
		Self-in-Relationship
		Good Mother/Bad Mother
		Personal Experience
		Personal Is Political
		Integrated Analysis of Oppression and Egalitarianism
		Important Concepts in Relational–Cultural Therapy
	Therapeutic Process
		Goals
		Therapist’s Role
		Client’s Role
		Assessment
		Therapeutic Change
	Techniques and Strategies
	Multiculturalism and Social Justice
	Ethical Considerations
		American Psychological Association Guidelines for Practice With Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People
		Foundational Knowledge and Awareness
		Stigma, Discrimination, and Barriers to Care
	Evaluating Theory
		Research Support Overall
	Limitations and Criticisms
	Relevance of Theory to Current-Day Practice
	Applying Theory to Practice
	Returning to the Case of Tim, a Transgender Client
		Returning to the Multicultural Case of the Sanchez Family
Chapter 12. Postmodernism: Constructivism and Social Constructionism
	Introduction
	Key Players of Constructivism and Social Constructionism
		Michael J. Mahoney
	The Case of Justine
		Kenneth J. Gergen
		Robert A. Neimeyer
	Historical Context
	Constructivism
	Social Constructionism
	Narrative Theory
		Conclusion About Constructivism and Social Constructionism
	Basic Concepts
		Self
		Meaning-Making
		Local Knowledge
	The Therapeutic Process
		Narrative Therapy
		Constructivism
		Techniques and Strategies
		Social Constructionism
		Techniques and Strategies
	Multiculturalism and Social Justice
		Therapist Cultural Self-Awareness
		Understanding the Client’s Worldview
		Making Cultural Generalizations
	Ethical Considerations
	Evaluating Theory
		Research Support: Ways of Discovery
	Limitations and Criticisms of Theory
	Current Mental Health Delivery System
	Applying Theory to Practice
	Returning to the Case of Justine
		Returning to the Multicultural Case of the Sanchez Family
Chapter 13. Family Therapy Approaches
	Introduction
	Returning to the Issue of Defining the Word Family
	Hypothetical Case: A Famous Family Enters Therapy
	Family Therapy
	Between Family and Individual Therapy: Differences
	Family Therapy: Historical Context and Points of Origin
		General Systems Theory: The Bedrock for Family Therapy
		Gregory Bateson
	Contemporary Family Therapy
	Five Approaches to Family Therapy
		Cognitive-Behavioral Family Therapy: Rational Emotive Behavior Family Therapy
		Family Dynamics
		Therapist’s Role and Family’s Role
		Assessment and Goals
		Techniques and Termination
		Process of Change
	Solution-Focused Therapy
		Family Dynamics
		Therapist’s Role and Family’s Role
		Assessment and Goals
		Techniques and Termination
		Process of Change
	Bowen Family Systems Therapy
		Family Dynamics
		Therapist’s Role and Family’s Role
		Assessment and Goals
		Techniques and Termination
		Process of Change
	Structural Therapy
		Family Dynamics
		Therapist’s Role and Family’s Role
		Assessment and Goals
		Techniques and Termination
		Process of Change
	Experiential Approach
		Family Dynamics
		Therapist’s Role and Family’s Role
		Assessment and Goals
		Techniques and Termination
		Process of Change
	Appropriate Client Populations: Family Therapy
	Multiculturalism
	Social Justice
	Special Ethical Considerations
	Research Findings
	Limitations and Criticisms
	Application: Family Therapy
	Returning to the Case of a Famous Family Seeking Family Therapy
		What Famous Family Was Used to Construct the Genogram?
		The Case of Miguel Sanchez
Chapter 14. Multicultural and International Approaches
	Introduction
	Key Players
		Derald Wing Sue
	The Case of Tyrone
		Melba J. T. Vasquez
		Janet E. Helms
		Paul Bodholt Pedersen
	Historical Context
		Deficit or Inferiority Model
		Fighting the Deficit Model
		Civil Rights Movement
		Culturally Deprived Model
		Culturally Different Model
		Internationalization of Psychology
	Basic Concepts
		Culture
		Cultural Paranoia
		Biculturalism
		Race and Ethnicity
		Intersectionality
		Stereotype Threat
		Racial Microaggressions
		Implicit Racism
		Racial Identity
		“Emic” (Multicultural) and “Etic” (Cross-Cultural) Approaches
	The Therapeutic Process
		Goals of Therapy
		The Therapist’s Role
		The Client’s Role
		Multicultural Assessment
		Techniques and Strategies
	Social Justice
	Ethical Considerations
	Evaluating Theory
		Research Support
	Limitations of the Multicultural Theory
	Relevance to Current Practice
	Applying Theory to Practice
	Returning to the Case of Tyrone
		Returning to the Multicultural Case of the Sanchez Family
		Assessment
		Interventions
Chapter 15. Moving Toward a Personal Theory of Counseling and Psychotherapy
	A Wealth of Theories and Therapies
	The Journey to Find One’s Own Theoretical Approach
	Elements That Make a Theory a Theory: A Much Maligned Term Defined
	The Tangible Value of Operating From a Theoretical Position
	Boxing Differences Among the Theories Covered
	Common Factors: Corralling Similarities Among the Theories
	The Master Therapist: A Blending of Science and Art
	Integration’s Role in Constructing a Personal Approach
		Forms of Integration
	Future Directions in Counseling and Psychotherapy
References
Index