Theoretical Concepts of Photocatalysis

Cover
Half Title
Theoretical Concepts of Photocatalysis
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
About the author
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Introduction of photocatalysis and photocatalysts
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Historical developments of photocatalysis
	1.2 Photocatalysis
		1.2.1 Photocatalysts
	1.3 Importance of photocatalysis and photocatalysts
		1.3.1 Photocatalysis
		1.3.2 Photocatalysts
	1.4 Future perspective
	1.5 Summary
	References
2. Fundamentals and principles of photocatalysis
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Fundamentals of photocatalysis
		2.2.1 Types of catalysis
			2.2.1.1 Homogeneous catalysis
			2.2.1.2 Heterogeneous catalysis
		2.2.2 Principles of photocatalysis
		2.2.3 Mechanisms of the photocatalytic process
	2.3 Effect of photocatalyst type, size, surface area, morphology, dose, light intensity, time, temperature, etc. on photoca...
		2.3.1 Effect of the type of photocatalysts on photocatalysis
		2.3.2 Effect of size and surface area of the photocatalyst on photocatalysis
		2.3.3 Effect of the morphology of the photocatalyst on photocatalysis
		2.3.4 Effect of the photocatalyst dose on photocatalysis
		2.3.5 Effect of light intensity on photocatalysis
		2.3.6 Effect of light irradiation time on photocatalysis
		2.3.7 Effect of temperature on photocatalysis
		2.3.8 Effect of pollutant’s concentration and type on photocatalysis
	2.4 Characteristics of good photocatalysts
	2.5 Summary
	References
3. Semiconductors as photocatalysts: UV light active materials
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Fundamentals of semiconductors
	3.3 Semiconductors as photocatalysts
		3.3.1 Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
			3.3.1.1 n-Type semiconductors
			3.3.1.2 p-Type semiconductors
			3.3.1.3 Donor level
			3.3.1.4 Fermi level
			3.3.1.5 Acceptor level
		3.3.2 Band gap energy
		3.3.3 Band edge positions
		3.3.4 Ultraviolet light active semiconductors
			3.3.4.1 Metal oxides
		3.3.5 Chalcogenides
		3.3.6 Ternary semiconductors
	3.4 Photocatalysis under ultraviolet light irradiation
	3.5 Summary
	References
4. Semiconductors as photocatalysts: visible-light active materials
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Visible-light active semiconductors
	4.3 Metal-loaded or decorated semiconductors
	4.4 Metal-doped semiconductors
	4.5 Non-metal-doped semiconductors
	4.6 Dye-sensitized semiconductors
		4.6.1 Disadvantage of dye-sensitized semiconductors and dye-sensitized solar cell
	4.7 Coupled semiconductors
	4.8 Defective semiconductors
	4.9 Chalcogenides
	4.10 Ternary compounds
	4.11 Quaternary compounds
	4.12 Characteristics of visible-light active photocatalysts
	4.13 Photocatalysis under visible-light irradiation
	4.14 Parameters affecting the photocatalytic process
	4.15 Summary
	References
5. Synthesis methods for photocatalytic materials
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Sol–gel method
		5.2.1 Advantages of the sol–gel method
	5.3 Hydrothermal method
		5.3.1 Advantages of the hydrothermal synthesis method
		5.3.2 Disadvantages of the hydrothermal synthesis method
	5.4 Solvothermal method
		5.4.1 Advantages of the solvothermal synthesis method
		5.4.2 Disadvantages of the solvothermal synthesis method
	5.5 Sonochemical method
	5.6 Microwave method
	5.7 Chemical vapor deposition
	5.8 Physical vapor deposition
		5.8.1 Advantages of PVD coatings
		5.8.2 Disadvantages of PVD coatings
	5.9 Electrochemical deposition method
	5.10 Green synthesis
		5.10.1 Types of green synthesis
	5.11 Summary
	References
6. Common characterization techniques for photocatalytic materials
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Spectroscopic characterization techniques
		6.2.1 Absorption spectroscopy
		6.2.2 Absorption spectroscopy for optical properties
			6.2.2.1 UV-visible spectroscopy
			6.2.2.2 Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
		6.2.3 Vibrational spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy)
			6.2.3.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
			6.2.3.2 Raman spectroscopy
	6.3 Emission spectroscopy for optical properties
	6.4 Physiochemical characterization techniques
		6.4.1 Structure and phase determination
			6.4.1.1 X-ray diffraction
			6.4.1.2 X-ray fluorescence
		6.4.2 Surface area and porosity measurements
			6.4.2.1 Surface area and porosity measurements using gas adsorption
			6.4.2.2 Surface area and porosity measurements using mercury porosimetry
		6.4.3 Dynamic light scattering
		6.4.4 Surface topography using atomic force microscopy
		6.4.5 Scanning electron microscopy
		6.4.6 Transmission electron microscopy
		6.4.7 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for elemental composition
	6.5 Electrochemical characterization technique
		6.5.1 Thermodynamic properties using electrochemical techniques
			6.5.1.1 The band gap energy
			6.5.1.2 Fermi level
			6.5.1.3 The double layer at the semiconductor
			6.5.1.4 The flat-band potential
			6.5.1.5 Light pulse techniques
			6.5.1.6 Electrochemical determination of the VFB of particles in suspension
		6.5.2 Kinetic properties using electrochemical techniques
			6.5.2.1 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for charge separation, transport, storage, and reaction elements in nanostru...
			6.5.2.2 Interparticle electron transport through semiconductor nanostructured films
		6.5.3 Photocatalytic efficiency using electrochemical techniques
			6.5.3.1 Photochemical thermodynamic efficiency factor
			6.5.3.2 Relative photonic efficiency (ξr)
			6.5.3.3 Quantum yield (φ)
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
7. Applications of photocatalytic materials
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Energy production using photocatalysis
	7.3 Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants
	7.4 Removal of inorganic pollutants from wastewater
		7.4.1 Removal of toxic and heavy metals and metalloids using photocatalysis
		7.4.2 Removal of cyanides using photocatalysis
	7.5 Water disinfection and purification
		7.5.1 Photocatalytic disinfection process
	7.6 Photocatalytic self-cleaning glasses
	7.7 Photocatalytic air purification
	7.8 Photocatalytic decomposition and removal of oil spills
	7.9 Photocatalytic paints
		7.9.1 Mechanism behind photocatalytic paints
		7.9.2 Factors affecting the efficiency of photocatalytic paints
	7.10 Photocatalytic antibacterial disinfection
	7.11 Photocatalytic chemical synthesis and/or conversions
	7.12 Summary
	References
8. Photocatalysis: laboratory to market
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Photocatalysis from laboratory to real life
	8.3 Photocatalysis from laboratory to market
	8.4 Photocatalytic self-cleaning and anti-fogging glass
	8.5 Photocatalytic paints
	8.6 Photocatalytic tiles
	8.7 Photocatalytic air purifiers
	8.8 Photocatalytic roads
	8.9 Photocatalytic sterilization
	8.10 Photocatalytic textiles
	8.11 Sunscreens and cosmetics
	8.12 Summary
	References
9. Future challenges for photocatalytic materials
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Energy production using photocatalysis
	9.3 Photocatalysis in environmental aspects
	9.4 Water purification and disinfection using photocatalysis
	9.5 Photocatalysis in biomedical aspects
	9.6 Air purification using photocatalysis
	9.7 Photocatalysis in the food-processing industry
	9.8 Summary
	References
Index
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