Thelma D. Sullivan's Compendium of Nahuatl Grammar

Thelma D. Sullivan's Compendium of Nahuatl Grammar
	Contents
	Preface to the Spanish Edition
	Acknowledgments for the Spanish Edition
	Author's Note for the Spanish Edition
	Preface to the English Edition
	Introduction  Characteristics of the Nahuatl Language
		Structure
		Stylistics
		Prehispanic Writing
	1  Phonology and Writing System
		Vowels
		Consonants
			Stops
			The glottal stop
			Affricates
			Fricatives
			The lateral
			Nasals
			Semivowels
		Accent
		Early Orthographic Variation
			Vowels
			Semivowels
			The /kw/
			Glottal stop
			The /s/
			The /s/
		Morphophonemic Changes
	2  Nouns
		The Absolutive Noun
		The Noun Plural
			Other phenomena in the plural formation
		Abstract Nouns
			The ligature -ca- with agentive nouns and toponyms
		Reverential, Pejorative, Diminutive, and Augmentative
			Reverential
			Plural of the reverential
			Pejorative-diminutive
			Plural of the pejorative-diminutive
			Diminutive
			Augmentative
			Pejorative
	3  Pronouns
		The Possessive Pronominal Prefixes
		Possessed Nouns
			Plural of the possessed noun
			Possessed form of abstract, reverential, pejorative-diminutive, diminutive, augmentative, and pejora...
			Genitive phrases: noun with third person possessed noun
		The Possessive Prefixes with Adverbs
		Verb Prefixes: Subject and Object
			Form of the third person object prefixes
			Expressed third person objects
			Indefinite third person objects: te- and tla-
			Indirect objects
		Verb Prefixes: The Reflexive
			Reflexive prefixes in combination with object prefixes
		Subject Prefixes Joined with Nouns and Adjectives
		Independent Pronouns
			Personal Pronouns
			Indefinite pronouns
			Negative indefinite pronouns
			Interrogative pronouns
			Relative pronouns
			Demonstrative pronouns
	4  Vocative
		Masculine Vocative
		Feminine Vocative
		General Vocative
	5  Indicative Mood of the Verb
		General Remarks Concerning Verbs and Their Conjugation
			The citation form: third person singular present indicative
			Person markers: the pronominal prefixes
			The particle on-
			Verb endings
		Present Tense
			Meaning and use of the present tense
		Past Imperfect Tense
			Meaning and use of the past imperfect tense
		Past Perfect Tense
			Alternate past perfect formations
			Perfect marker o-
			Past perfect suffix -c
			Meaning and use of the past perfect tense
		Pluperfect Tense
			Meaning and use of the pluperfect tense
		Future Tense
			Meaning and use of the future tense
			Desire expressed by nequi "want"
	6  Other Moods of the Verb
		The Imperative
			Use of the imperative
			Requests or entreaties
			Imperative with the future tense
			Vetative of caution
		Optative and Subjunctive
			Past imperfective and past perfective of the optative and subjunctive
			Another form of the optative and subjunctive past perfect
			Future optative and subjunctive
			Future conditional subjunctive
			The subjunctive in conditional sentences
	7  The Passive and the Impersonal
		The Passive Voice
			Consonant changes
			Alternate forms of the passive
			The reflexive pronoun of the passive: ne-
			The passive use of the reflexive
			The passive of the verb which has two objects
			Other tenses and moods of the passive
			Use of the passive
		The Impersonal
			The impersonal of transitive verbs
			The impersonal of intransitive verbs
			Intransitive verbs which add -ohua
			The impersonal of inchoative intransitive verbs
			Other tenses and moods of the impersonal
	8  Verbal Directional Suffixes
		Movement Away: To Go To
			The indicative mood: present and future -tiuh (sg.), -tihui-' (pl.)
			The indicative mood: past -to (sg.), -to-' (pl.)
			Other moods of the verb: -ti (sg.), -ti-', -tin (pl.)
		Movement Toward: To Come To
			The indicative mood: present and past -co (sg.), -co-' (pl.)
			The indicative mood: future -quiuh (sg.), -quihui-' (pl.)
			Other moods of the verb: -qui (sg.) -qui-' (pl.)
	9  Verbal Nouns
		Action Nouns
			Possessed form of the verbal action noun
		Agentive Nouns
			Alternate formations
			Possessed form of agentive nouns
		Possessive Nouns
			The plural of the possessive noun
			The possessed form of the possessive noun
		The Ligature -ca- in Derivations of Verbal Nouns
			Abstract nouns
			Reverential
			Pejorative-diminutive
			Diminutive and augmentative
		Patient Nouns
			Impersonal-passive patient nouns
			Past perfect patient nouns
		Instrumental Nouns
		Locative Nouns
			Locative noun formed with the suffix -yan
			Locative noun formed with the suffix -can
		Verbal Nouns which Appear Only in the Possessed Form
			Suffix -ca: action received
			Suffix -ca: action completed
			Suffix -ya: instrumental
			Suffix -yan: place and time
	10  Postpositions
		Postpositions with possessive pronominal prefixes
		Postpositions with nouns
		The ligature -ti-
		Postposition with noun and copy pronoun
		Six classes of postpositions
		Postpositions that Combine with Either Nouns or Pronominal Prefixes
			Postposition -pan: upon, above; in the time of; with, by means of; for, on behalf of; concerning
			Postposition -icpac: on, above, on the top of, at the head of
			Postposition -tlan: in, among, with, together with, under; next to, close to
			Postposition -tech: on, in, next to, close to; concerning; by, at
			Postposition -ca: with, with help from, through, by means of, by, along, of
			Postposition -nahuac: next to, beside, near to; with, together with
			Postposition -tzalan: between, among, in the middle of
			Postposition -nepantla': in the middle of, among, between
		Postpositions That Combine Only With Nouns
			Postposition -c, -co: in, within, inside, on, through; in the time of
			Postposition -nalco: beyond, on the other side of
			Postposition -chi: down, down toward
			Postposition -can: where, place of, in the time of
			Postposition -tla': where something abounds, place where something is abundant, time when something ...
			Postposition -teuh: like, in the manner of, similar to
		Postpositions that Combine Only with Pronominal Prefixes
			Postposition -pal: through, by, by means of, with the help of
			Postposition -pampa: for, because of
			Postposition -tloc: with, beside, together with, in the company of
			Postposition -huan: with, together with, in the company of, accompanied by
			Postposition -huic: toward, against
			Postposition -icampa: behind
		Postpositions Derived from Nouns
			Postpositions -ixco, -ixtlan, -ixpan (from ixtli, face, eye)
			Postpositions -i'tic, -i'tec: inside, within (from i'titl, i'tetl belly)
			Postposition -tepotzco: behind, in the absence of (from tepotztli back)
			Some other postpositions derived from nouns
		Double and Triple Postpositions
			Double postpositions
			Triple postpositions
		Reverential, Diminutive, and Pejorative Postpositions
			Added to noun stems
			Added to noun with a postposition
			Added to possessive pronoun with a postposition
	11  Family Names
	12  Adjectives
		Primary Adjectives
		Adjectives Derived from Nouns and the Verb Suffix -Yo'
		Adjectives Derived from Verbs
			Adjectives formed with -c, -tic
			Adjectives in -ni
			Adjectives in -qui
			Patient adjectives
	13  Numerals
		Cardinal Numbers
			Numeral classifiers
			Particles and suffixes which take numerals
		Ordinal Numbers
	14  Verbs Derived from Nouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs
		Derived Intransitive Verbs
			Suffix -ti, -tiya
			Agentive and possessive nouns use the ligature -ca- with -ti
			The past perfect for verbs in -ti and -tiya
			Suffix -ihui, -cihui, -ahui, -icihui
			Suffix -a
			Transitive and reflexive forms of verbs in -a
			Past perfect and future for verbs in -a
		Derived Transitive and Reflexive Verbs
			Suffix -lia
			Suffix -huia
			Suffix -tia
	15  Intransitive Verbs and Their Corresponding Transitive Forms
	16  Derived Verb Forms
		Causative
			The reflexive form of the causative
		Applicative
			The reflexive form of the applicative
		Intensive-Frequentative
			Reduplicated intensive-frequentative
			Reduplication of the object prefix tla-
			The frequentative with a distributive meaning
			Intensive-frequentative formed with the suffixes -ca and -tza
		Reverential
			The reverential form of intransitive verbs
			The reverential form of transitive verbs
			The reverential form of the reflexive verb
			The use of -tzinoa as a reverential suffix of intensity
			Tense, mood, and person of the reverential form
		Pejorative
	17  Irregular and Defective Verbs
		"Be" Verbs
			"To be (located)": ca'
			"To be standing": i'cac
			"To be lying down, stretched out, or seated": onoc
			"To be extended": mani
			Synopsis of the "be" verbs
		"Go" and "Come" Verbs
			"To go": yauh
			"To come": huallauh
			"To come": huitz
			Synopsis of the "go" and "come" verbs
		Irregular Verbs Used as Auxiliaries
			Auxiliary -ca': "to be"
			Auxiliary -i'cac: ''to be standing"
			Auxiliary -oc (from onoc): "to be lying down or seated"
			Auxiliary -mani: "to be extended"
			Auxiliary from yauh: "to go
			Auxiliary -huitz: ''to come"
	18  Compounds
		Noun Compounds
			Noun joined with noun
			Noun joined with adjective
			Nouns and adjectives which take the ligature -ca- in compounds
			Noun joined with adverb
		Verb Compounds: With Nouns
			Transitive verb joined with a noun (noun incorporation)
			Intransitive verb joined with a noun
			Nouns which take the ligature -ca-
			Nouns with postposit ions
		Verb Compounds: With Adjectives
		Verb Compounds: With Adverbs
			Verb joined with simple adverb
			Verb joined with adverb in -ca, derived from an adjective
			Verb joined with hual "hither"
		Verb Compounds: Verb Joined with Other Verb
			Verbs compounded without the ligature
			Verbs compounded with the ligature -ti-
			Verbs which keep the reflexive prefix mo- after the ligature -ti-
			Frequently occurring verbs in compounds
			The reverential form of verbs compounded with other verbs
	19  Adverbs and Conjunctions
		Introductory Remarks
		Adverbs of Place
		Adverbs of Time
		Adverbs of Place and Time
		Adverbs of Manner
		Adverbs of Manner that End in -Ca
			Adverbs derived from verbal nouns in -liz-tli
			Adverbs derived from adjectives ending in -c or -qui
			Adverbs derived with -ca that are not manner adverbs
		Adverbs of Quantity
		Adverbs of Affirmation, Negation, and Doubt
		Conjunctions
	20  Comparatives and Superlatives
		Comparatives
			The comparative conjunction
			Other comparative degrees
		Superlatives
	Vocabulary
		A
		C
		CH
		CU
		E
		HU
		I
		M
		N
		O
		P
		Q
		T
		TL
		TZ
		X
		Y
		Z
		Prefixes
		Suffixes
	Bibliography
		Abbreviations
		Works consulted