The Year in Hypertension 2001 (Year in Hypertension)

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Contributors......Page 7
Foreword......Page 8
Preface......Page 9
Part I Clinical trials and guidelines......Page 10
Introduction......Page 11
The International Nifedipine GITS Study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT)......Page 12
Comment......Page 13
Implications of INSIGHT......Page 14
Comment......Page 15
The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)......Page 17
Comment......Page 18
Implications of the comparisons of doxazosin and chlorthalidone in ALLHAT......Page 19
Comment......Page 21
Implications of HOPE......Page 22
Comment......Page 24
Calcium antagonists compared with other first-line antihypertensive agents......Page 25
Comment......Page 26
Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration......Page 29
Comment......Page 30
Implications of the meta-analyses of trials of newer antihypertensive agents......Page 33
Meta-analysis of outcome trials of isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly......Page 35
Comment......Page 36
Introduction......Page 37
Recent trials......Page 38
Meta-analyses......Page 39
Other concerns......Page 40
References......Page 41
The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI)......Page 44
Blood pressure measurement and clinical evaluation......Page 45
Risk stratification......Page 47
Treatment of high blood pressure......Page 48
Coexisting cardiovascular disease......Page 50
Scope and purpose......Page 52
Clinical evaluation......Page 53
Stratification of patients by absolute level of cardiovascular risk......Page 54
Drug treatment......Page 56
Implementation......Page 57
Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the third working party of the British Hypertension Society......Page 60
Blood pressure measurement......Page 61
Evaluation of hypertensive patients......Page 62
Treatment goals......Page 63
Choice of antihypertensive drug treatment......Page 68
Other measures to reduce cardiovascular risk......Page 69
Hormone replacement therapy......Page 70
Priorities and objectives......Page 71
Secondary prevention......Page 72
Primary prevention......Page 74
Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Coronary Prevention......Page 76
American Hear t Association/Amer ican College of Cardiology statement on risk assessment n......Page 79
Simple blood pressure guidelines for primary health care......Page 82
Conclusion......Page 83
References......Page 84
Introduction......Page 85
Antihypertensive therapy and Lipid Lowering Heart Attack prevention Trial (ALLHAT)......Page 86
Outline......Page 87
Comment......Page 88
Outline......Page 89
Comment......Page 91
The Australian National Blood Pressure Study 2 (ANBP2)......Page 92
Outcome......Page 93
Outline......Page 94
Conclusion......Page 96
Conclusion......Page 97
Conclusion......Page 98
Comment......Page 99
Comment......Page 100
Outline......Page 101
The Study on COgnition and Prognosis in Elderly patients with hypertension (SCOPE)......Page 104
Outline......Page 105
Outline......Page 106
Evaluation of newer drugs in patients with high-risk Perindopril Protection against Recurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS)......Page 107
Comment......Page 108
The HYpertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET)......Page 109
Outline......Page 110
Outline......Page 111
Overview of ongoing trials......Page 112
Conclusion......Page 122
References......Page 124
Part II Interface: hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors......Page 125
Blood pressure control......Page 126
Comment......Page 127
Blood pressure study—UKPDS 38: ‘tight’ versus ‘less tight’ blood pressure control......Page 128
Blood pressure control—UKPDS 39: atenolol versus captopril......Page 129
Association of systolic blood pressure and vascular complications......Page 130
Conclusion......Page 131
Association between glycaemic control and vascular complications......Page 132
Summary......Page 133
Comment......Page 134
Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) study: diabetic cohort......Page 135
Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Programme (SHEP) study: diabetic cohort......Page 136
Conclusion......Page 138
Conclusion......Page 139
Comment......Page 140
Comment......Page 141
Steno......Page 142
Microalbuminuria and diabetic nephropathy......Page 143
Conclusion......Page 144
The choice of antihypertensive drug......Page 145
Insulin responsiveness and treatment effects......Page 146
Conclusion......Page 147
References......Page 148
Primary prevention......Page 149
Comment......Page 150
Secondary prevention......Page 151
Comment......Page 152
Conclusion......Page 153
From clinical trials to clinical practice......Page 154
Conclusion......Page 155
Dietary modifications......Page 156
Conclusion......Page 157
Comment......Page 158
Treatment targets......Page 159
Comment......Page 160
Which statin? The choice of the optimal, or most cost-effective statin treatment......Page 161
Comment......Page 162
Comment......Page 163
The role of aggressive lipid-lowering treatment......Page 164
References......Page 165
Effects of HRT on cardiovascular disease and cancer......Page 166
HRT, cardiovascular risk factors and vascular effects......Page 167
Risk factors......Page 168
Vascular effects......Page 169
Comment......Page 170
Prospective trials......Page 171
Comment......Page 172
Comment......Page 173
Comment......Page 174
HRT and Alzheimer’s disease......Page 175
HRT: practical issues......Page 176
References......Page 178
Part III Hypertension: emerging concepts......Page 179
Approaches to the identification of causal genes......Page 180
Angiotensinogen......Page 181
Background......Page 183
Aldosterone synthase......Page 184
Comment......Page 185
Adducin......Page 186
Comment......Page 187
Comment......Page 188
Comment......Page 189
Comment......Page 190
Adrenergic receptors......Page 191
Comment......Page 192
Comment......Page 193
References......Page 194
Insulin resistance and hypertension......Page 196
Hyperinsulinaemia and blood pressure......Page 197
Does insulin have a vascular action?......Page 198
Conclusion......Page 199
Could vascular endothelial dysfunction associated with hypertension cause insulin resistance?......Page 200
Could primary insulin resistance result in endothelial dysfunction and promotion of hypertension?......Page 201
Insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, hypertension and the lipid environment......Page 202
The role of chronic inflammation in the aetiology of insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction/ hypertension......Page 203
Effect of insulin-sensitizing drugs on blood pressure......Page 205
Practical management issues......Page 207
Conclusion......Page 208
References......Page 209
Introduction......Page 212
Normal physiology of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system......Page 215
Clinical forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension Liddle’s syndrome......Page 216
Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess......Page 219
Other non-aldosterone-dependent forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension......Page 220
Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism (GRA)......Page 221
Comment......Page 222
Common forms of primary aldosteronism......Page 223
Prevalence of primary aldosteronism......Page 224
Adrenal pathology in primary aldosteronism......Page 227
Consequences of aldosterone excess......Page 228
Screening for primary aldosteronism......Page 230
Captopril test......Page 231
Definitive procedures to identify the presence of an aldosterone producing adenoma......Page 232
Medical therapy......Page 233
References......Page 234
Part IV Current practical issues......Page 236
AT1 receptor blockade versus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition......Page 237
Selective angiotensin II antagonist drugs......Page 238
Comment......Page 239
Clinical trials with angiotensin II antagonist drugs......Page 240
Hypertension......Page 241
Comment......Page 242
Comment......Page 243
Comment......Page 244
Comment......Page 245
Comment......Page 246
Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy......Page 247
Comment......Page 248
Comment......Page 249
Clinical trials in renal dysfunction......Page 250
Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system......Page 251
References......Page 252
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring......Page 253
Blood pressure measuring devices......Page 256
24-hour blood pressure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality......Page 257
Comment......Page 259
Comment......Page 260
Prediction of long-term need for drug treatment......Page 261
Comment......Page 262
References......Page 263
Pulse wave velocity......Page 265
Atheromatous vascular disease......Page 268
Conclusion......Page 270
Comment......Page 271
Microalbuminuria......Page 273
Treatment of diabetic nephropathy......Page 274
Comment......Page 275
Echocardiographic measurement......Page 276
Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy......Page 277
Comment......Page 278
Comment......Page 279
Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy by antihypertensive drug treatment......Page 280
Conclusion......Page 283
Conclusion......Page 284
References......Page 285
Prospective clinical outcome trials......Page 286
Comment......Page 287
Conclusion......Page 288
Comparative clinical outcome trials......Page 289
Retrospective (post hoc) analyses......Page 290
Meta-analyses......Page 292
Are calcium channel blockers homogeneous?......Page 294
Other studies with long-acting calcium channel blockers......Page 295
Discussion......Page 296
References......Page 297
Abbreviations......Page 298
Index of Papers Reviewed......Page 303
General Index......Page 314