The World Trade Organization Knowledge Agreements

Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Preface and Acknowledgements......Page 13
List of WTO Dispute Rulings......Page 15
OTHER AGREEMENTS, CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES......Page 19
Part I Globalisation, law and the WTO......Page 21
CHAPTER 1 Trade Law as a Global Mediator......Page 23
Globalisation and law......Page 25
Legal pluralism and inter-legality......Page 26
The WTO interface between legalities......Page 29
Non-Discrimination......Page 31
Market access and intellectual property protection......Page 33
Competition policy......Page 34
WTO law......Page 35
Global carriers......Page 38
NOTES......Page 39
CHAPTER 2 A global context......Page 42
Research......Page 44
Outlooks......Page 45
Convergence and divergence......Page 48
The economic sphere......Page 50
The political sphere......Page 51
The cultural sphere......Page 54
Horizontal private business justice......Page 55
Richly textured local law......Page 57
Intellectual property and related laws......Page 59
International law making......Page 62
Networks......Page 64
Norms......Page 65
Governance......Page 68
Laws......Page 71
Interfaces......Page 75
Conclusions......Page 78
NOTES......Page 79
CHAPTER 3 The World Trade Organization......Page 85
Trade liberalisation......Page 87
Multilateralism......Page 89
The WTO Constitution......Page 91
Trade negotiations......Page 94
Governance issues......Page 96
Cross-institutional structures......Page 99
Recent GATS negotiations......Page 101
Recent TRIPs negotiations......Page 103
Dispute settlement process......Page 105
Threshold participation......Page 109
Negotiated solutions......Page 112
Rulings......Page 113
Listening to voices......Page 114
Finding meaning......Page 115
Judging national measures......Page 116
Considering international law......Page 117
Reaching limits......Page 120
Proceedings for implementation and enforcement......Page 121
Attitudes to dispute settlement......Page 122
Measures affecting trade......Page 125
Transparency and form......Page 128
Nullification or impairment......Page 130
Non-violation complaints......Page 131
Complaints under GATS and TRIPs......Page 134
Most-favoured-nation treatment......Page 136
GATS and TRIPs MFN treatment......Page 137
National treatment......Page 139
Constraints on local legalities......Page 140
Allowances for foreign legalities......Page 141
GATS and TRIPs national treatment......Page 143
Market access for services......Page 145
Protection for intellectual property......Page 146
Bilateral free trade agreements......Page 149
Exceptional national regulation......Page 151
Disciplines applied to exceptions......Page 153
The necessity test......Page 154
National regulation and international concerns......Page 155
International regulatory competition......Page 158
International regulatory coordination......Page 159
Competition regulation......Page 163
National treatment and competition policy......Page 164
Competition policy and market access......Page 166
Competition policy and transnational business practices......Page 168
Conclusions......Page 171
NOTES......Page 172
Part II Services......Page 183
CHAPTER 4 The General Agreement on Trade in Services......Page 185
A trade agreement for services......Page 187
Liberalisation of trade in services......Page 189
Status and format of the agreement......Page 191
Scope and definition......Page 192
Substantive and procedural requirements......Page 194
The tenor of the agreement......Page 195
GATS listings approach......Page 196
Dispute settlement......Page 198
United States – Gambling Services......Page 199
Level of commitments......Page 200
Sources of reservations......Page 202
The MFN norm......Page 205
MFN exemptions......Page 206
Accommodation of regional agreements......Page 207
The national treatment norm......Page 208
Less favourable treatment......Page 209
Like services......Page 211
The market access norm......Page 213
The proscribed measures......Page 214
The reach of the norm......Page 215
Quantitative and qualitative limitations......Page 216
The modes of supply......Page 218
Cross-border supply......Page 219
Consumption abroad......Page 221
Presence of natural persons......Page 222
Commercial presence......Page 224
Legitimate regulatory objectives......Page 226
Disciplines applied to the exceptions......Page 228
Article VI disciplines......Page 230
Uruguay Round carry-over negotiations......Page 232
Scope of the financial services negotiations......Page 233
Outcome of the financial services negotiations......Page 235
GATS and FTAs......Page 236
Negotiations for commitments......Page 239
Negotiations over domestic regulation......Page 241
Competition regulation......Page 242
Other business regulation......Page 244
Conclusions......Page 246
NOTES......Page 248
CHAPTER 5 The case of legal services......Page 252
Demands of international clients......Page 254
Entrepreneurial legal services......Page 257
Relations with states, civil societies, communities......Page 258
Foreign or local lawyers......Page 260
Cross-border supply......Page 262
The power of presence......Page 264
Foreign and local lawyers......Page 266
National regulation......Page 267
Modes of supply......Page 268
Admission to the local profession......Page 269
GATS norms......Page 271
GATS commitments......Page 273
Japan......Page 274
The European Union......Page 277
The United States......Page 280
The People’s Republic of China......Page 282
New negotiations......Page 284
Cross-border supply and supply from home......Page 285
Commercial presence......Page 286
Professional standards......Page 288
Accounting sector disciplines......Page 290
Legal sector disciplines?......Page 292
International regulation......Page 294
Conclusions......Page 296
NOTES......Page 298
Part II Intellectual Property......Page 303
CHAPTER 6 The agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights......Page 305
The course of events......Page 306
Agenda setting......Page 308
Reaching agreement......Page 311
General provisions and basic principles......Page 312
National treatment......Page 313
DSB rulings......Page 315
Most-favoured-nation treatment......Page 318
Copyright and related rights......Page 319
Protection for works......Page 320
Use rights......Page 322
Related rights......Page 323
Patents......Page 324
Patentable subject matter......Page 325
Use rights......Page 326
Trademarks......Page 327
Geographical indications......Page 330
Industrial designs......Page 332
Undisclosed information......Page 333
Enforcement provisions......Page 335
Special and differential treatment......Page 337
Dispute settlement......Page 339
Determining non-compliance......Page 340
Trade sanctions......Page 342
National access regulation......Page 343
Copyright and related rights......Page 345
United States – section 110(5) Copyright Act......Page 347
Patents and other industrial property......Page 350
Canada – Patent Protection for Pharmaceuticals......Page 351
Trademarks......Page 354
Restrictive trade practices regulation......Page 355
TRIPs and FTAs......Page 356
Conclusions......Page 362
NOTES......Page 363
CHAPTER 7 The case of genetic codes......Page 368
Global carriers......Page 370
Strength of local resources......Page 373
Role of property rights......Page 376
Support for property rights......Page 378
Reservations regarding property rights......Page 381
The concept of invention......Page 383
The discovery/invention distinction......Page 384
Patenting genes......Page 385
Judicial responses......Page 387
The viability of the distinction......Page 388
The NIH claims......Page 389
Plants, animals, people......Page 391
Experience with the European exception......Page 392
European Biotechnology Directive......Page 394
Exceptions elsewhere......Page 395
Categories of exception......Page 396
Compulsory licences......Page 397
Plant variety rights......Page 398
The UPOV Convention......Page 399
Plant breeding......Page 400
Breeders’ rights......Page 401
Unilateral and bilateral initiatives......Page 403
Convention on Biological Diversity......Page 405
World Intellectual Property Organization......Page 408
TRIPs patentable subject matter......Page 410
TRIPs exceptions to patentability......Page 411
The role of the review......Page 414
Access to medicines......Page 415
Industry conditions......Page 416
TRIPs patentable subject matter......Page 419
TRIPs exceptions to patent infringement......Page 420
TRIPs use of undisclosed test data......Page 422
TRIPs disputes......Page 423
The Doha Declaration......Page 424
TRIPs system for trade in licensed drugs......Page 425
Conclusions......Page 429
NOTES......Page 431
Part IV Convergence......Page 441
CHAPTER 8 The case of communications media......Page 443
Globalising effects......Page 446
Access to the media......Page 448
Control of the media......Page 449
Industry-specific regulation......Page 452
Audio-visual sector......Page 454
Telecommunications sector......Page 455
Progress in the new GATS Round......Page 457
Intellectual property regulation......Page 458
Copyright......Page 460
Software interfaces......Page 463
Online content......Page 465
Licensing......Page 468
Impact of TRIPs......Page 471
Treaty proposals......Page 473
Treaty text......Page 474
Treaty mediation......Page 477
Competition regulation......Page 479
Market power and essential facilities......Page 482
Computer platforms......Page 485
Telecommunications networks......Page 488
Content resources......Page 491
Media alliances......Page 492
TRIPs and access regimes......Page 495
GATS and access regimes......Page 496
The Mexico telecommunications ruling......Page 500
Framing WTO competition policy......Page 504
Linkage to investment liberalisation......Page 507
The First Working Group Report......Page 514
Competition policy follow-up......Page 515
Access to knowledge......Page 517
Conclusions......Page 519
NOTES......Page 521
Index......Page 531