The World Trade Organization and the Environment

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
List of Figures......Page 11
List of Boxes......Page 12
Preface and Acknowledgements......Page 14
List of Abbreviations......Page 16
PART I: BACKGROUND......Page 20
1.1 Introduction......Page 22
1.2 Free trade, protectionism and managed trade......Page 25
1.3 GATT......Page 34
1.4 New trade regimes: regional and global......Page 38
1.5 Concluding observations......Page 44
2.1 Introduction......Page 50
2.2 Trade liberalization and development......Page 51
2.3 International trade and the environment......Page 55
2.4 Sustainable development: a synthesis of linkages......Page 63
2.5 Concluding observations......Page 70
3.1 Introduction......Page 74
3.2 Environmental agreements with trade measures......Page 77
3.3 Interface with trade policies......Page 83
3.4 Harmful chemicals trade......Page 85
3.5 Concluding observations......Page 88
PART II: THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION......Page 92
4.1 Introduction......Page 94
4.2 WTO – an institutional innovation......Page 95
4.3 The Bretton Woods institutions and the WTO......Page 99
4.4 Implications of the WTO charter......Page 101
4.5 Concluding observations......Page 103
5.1 A brief history......Page 114
5.2 GATT/WTO environmental provisions......Page 116
5.3 CTE......Page 122
5.4 National environmental laws and international trade agreements......Page 129
5.5 Concluding observations......Page 132
6.1 Introduction......Page 138
6.2 Legal foundations for dispute resolution......Page 139
6.3 Trade-related environmental disputes in GATT/WTO......Page 142
6.4 The Tuna–Dolphin dispute......Page 145
6.5 Toward improved methods......Page 149
PART III: POLICY IMPLICATIONS......Page 158
7.1 Introduction......Page 160
7.2 Cost externalization and markets......Page 161
7.3 Internalization of environmental costs......Page 164
7.4 Ecolabels and their trade impacts......Page 172
7.5 Integrating environment into subsidies agreement......Page 173
7.6 The Precautionary Principle......Page 174
7.7 The Polluter Pays Principle......Page 176
7.8 Domestically Prohibited Goods for exports......Page 179
7.9 Concluding observations......Page 180
8.1 Revising the WTO articles for environmental provisions......Page 184
8.2 Trade policy review mechanism reform......Page 189
8.3 Multilateral environmental agreements and the WTO......Page 190
8.4 WTO and sustainable development......Page 191
9.1 Multilateral trade, environment and development......Page 196
9.2 Institutions for sustainable trade and development......Page 199
E......Page 202
P......Page 203
W......Page 204