The World of Steel: On the History, Production and Use of a Basic Material

Foreward
Preface
Contents
1 Systematization of Materials
	References
2 The Material Steel
	2.1	What is Steel?
	2.2	The Iron-Carbon Diagram
	2.3	Designation System and Classification of Steels
	2.4	Selected Steels and Special Materials
		2.4.1	Quality Steels
		2.4.2	Stainless Steels
		2.4.3	Tool Steels (Cold Work, Hot Work, High-Speed Steels)
		2.4.4	High-quality Engineering Steels (Hardening, Case Hardening and Nitriding Steels)
		2.4.5	Nickel Alloys and Special Materials
		2.4.6	Other Steels
	References
3 Alloying Elements and Steel Properties
	3.1	Properties of Steel
		3.1.1	Physical Properties
		3.1.2	Mechanical-Technical Properties
		3.1.3	Technological Properties
		3.1.4	Chemical and Technical Properties
		3.1.5	Environmental Properties
	3.2	Basics of Alloy Technology
	3.3	Chemical Elements in Steel and Their Effect on Steel Properties
		3.3.1	Gaseous Elements
		3.3.2	Solid Elements – Nonmetals
		3.3.3	Solid Elements – Semimetals
		3.3.4	Solid Elements – Metals
		3.3.5	Accompanying or Trace Elements
	References
4 Steelmaking
	4.1	From the History of Steel
	4.2	Steel Production
		4.2.1	Blast Furnace Converter Route
		4.2.2	Other Iron Ore Reduction Methods
		4.2.3	Electrical Furnace Steelmaking
	4.3	Post-Treatment of Steel
		4.3.1	Ladle Metallurgy
		4.3.2	Remelting Processes
	4.4	Primary Forming/Casting
		4.4.1	Basics of Casting Steel
		4.4.2	Ingot Casting
		4.4.3	Continuous Casting
	References
5 Forming
	5.1	Basics of Metal Forming
	5.2	Forming Processes
		5.2.1	Forging
			5.2.1.1 Basics
			5.2.1.2 Open Die Forging
			5.2.1.3 Die Forging
			5.2.1.4 Coining
		5.2.2	Flow pressing
		5.2.3	Strand Extruding
		5.2.4	Rolling
			5.2.4.1 Basics of Rolling
			5.2.4.2 Rolling Processes
				Longitudinal Rolling
				Cross Rolling
				Skew Rolling
				Other Rolling Methods
		5.2.5	Deep Drawing
		5.2.6	Hydroforming Process
		5.2.7	Internal High Pressure Forming
		5.2.8	High-Energy Forming
		5.2.9	Drawing
			5.2.9.1 Wire Drawing
			5.2.9.2 Bar Drawing
			5.2.9.3 Tube Drawing
			5.2.9.4 Roll-Drawing Process
		5.2.10	Special Forming Processes
			5.2.10.1 Powder Metallurgy
			5.2.10.2 Additive Processes (3D Printing)
	References
6 Heat Treatment of Steel
	6.1	Remarks
	6.2	Heat Treatment Types
		6.2.1	Normalizing
		6.2.2	Soft Annealing
		6.2.3	Recrystallization Annealing
		6.2.4	Diffusion Annealing
		6.2.5	Solution Annealing
		6.2.6	Stress Relieving Annealing
		6.2.7	Hardening
			6.2.7.1 Transformation Hardening
			6.2.7.2 Tempering
		6.2.8	Precipitation Hardening
		6.2.9	Cold Hardening
		6.2.10	Press Hardening
	6.3	Plants for Heat Treatment
	References
7 Material Testing
	7.1	Basics
	7.2	Destructive Testing
		7.2.1	Tensile Test
		7.2.2	Hardness Test
		7.2.3	Charpy Impact Test
		7.2.4	Analysis Methods for Steel
			7.2.4.1 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis
			7.2.4.2 Optical Emission Spectrometry
			7.2.4.3 Combustion Analysis
		7.2.5	Metallography
	7.3	Non-Destructive Testing
		7.3.1	Ultrasonic Testing
		7.3.2	Eddy Current Testing
		7.3.3	Visual Inspection
		7.3.4	Penetration Test
		7.3.5	Magnetic Particle Inspection
		7.3.6	Roughness Measurement
	7.4	Checking and Measuring
	References
8 Manufacturing Processes
	8.1	Joining
		8.1.1	Material-joining
		8.1.2	Force-joining
		8.1.3	Form-joining
		8.1.4	Joining by Pressing, Casting, Forming
	8.2	Coating
		8.2.1	Non-Metallic Coatings
		8.2.2	Metallic Coatings
			8.2.2.1 Hot Dip Coating
			8.2.2.2 Electroplating
			8.2.2.3 Thermal Spraying
			8.2.2.4 Vaporization (Sputtering)
			8.2.2.5 Plating
	8.3	Machining
		8.3.1	Basics
		8.3.2	Turning
		8.3.3	Milling
		8.3.4	Planing, Pushing
		8.3.5	Peeling
		8.3.6	Grinding
		8.3.7	Drilling
		8.3.8	Electrical Discharge Machining
		8.3.9	Fine Machining
		8.3.10	Machining Bar Ends
	8.4	Cutting
		8.4.1	Shear Cutting
		8.4.2	Sawing
		8.4.3	Cutoff Grinding
		8.4.4	Water Jet Cutting
		8.4.5	Thermal Cutting
	References
9 Finishing
	9.1	Surface Treatment
	9.2	Straightening
	9.3	Completion, Packaging and Shipping
	References
10 By-products and Waste
	10.1	Basics
	10.2	Exhaust Gas
	10.3	Scrap
	10.4	Slag
	10.5	Other Raw and Waste Materials
	References
11 Steel in Everyday Life
	References
12 Steel in the Future
	References
13 Timeline of Iron and Steel
	References
Glossary
Further Reading