The World of Child Labor: A Historical and Regional Survey

Half-title
......Page 2
Volume Editor
......Page 3
Title
......Page 4
Copyright
......Page 5
Contents
......Page 6
Editor and Contributors
......Page 16
Acknowledgments
......Page 22
Abbreviations......Page 24
Editor’s Introduction
......Page 26
Editor’s Note: Measuring Child Labor
......Page 30
PART 1. World
......Page 34
The Economic View of Child Labor
......Page 36
Social Science Views on Working Children
......Page 43
A Brief Historiography of Child Labor
......Page 51
Toward an Integrative Theory of Child Labor
......Page 59
Periods of History: Childhood and Child Work, c.1800—Present 
......Page 66
Child Labor in the Industrial Revolution
......Page 71
Coming to Terms with Child Labor
......Page 78
Coming to Terms with Child Labor: The Historical Role of Education
......Page 82
Coming to Terms with Child Labor: History of Child Welfare
......Page 86
Coming to Terms with Child Labor: The Role of Technology
......Page 90
Child Labor in the Developed Nations Today
......Page 95
Global Trade and Child Labor
......Page 100
Visual Representations of Child Labor in the West
......Page 105
Worst Forms of Child Labor
......Page 111
Worst Forms of Child Labor: Agriculture
......Page 115
Worst Forms of Child Labor: Child Domestic Labor
......Page 119
Worst Forms of Child Labor: Street Children and Street Trades
......Page 124
Worst Forms of Child Labor: Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
......Page 128
Worst Forms of Child Labor: Children and War
......Page 135
Worst Forms of Child Labor: Child Bonded Labor
......Page 139
The Puzzle of “Idle” Children, neither in School nor Performing Economic Activity
......Page 143
Child Labor Policy for Developing Nations
......Page 145
Education and Child Labor: A Global Perspective
......Page 151
Special Health Risks of Child Labor
......Page 160
The United Nations and UNICEF
......Page 164
Millennium Development Goals
......Page 168
International Labor Organization (ILO) and the International Program for the Elimination of Child Labor (IPEC)
......Page 172
The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations
......Page 176
The Role of Trade Unions
......Page 182
Organization of Working Children
......Page 186
The Economics of Consumer Actions Against Products with Child Labor Content
......Page 191
Global March Against Child Labor
......Page 196
PART 2. Sub-Saharan Africa
......Page 200
Child Labor in Postcolonial Africa
......Page 202
Child Labor in Colonial Africa
......Page 206
HIV/AIDS and Child Labor in Sub-Saharan Africa
......Page 210
Influence of Orphanhood on Children’s Schooling and Labor: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
......Page 218
Children’s Work Among Traditional Healers in Africa
......Page 220
Child Labor Unions in Africa
......Page 224
Trafficking for Labor Exploitation in West and Central Africa
......Page 227
Koranic Schools and Child Labor in West Africa
......Page 232
Burkina Faso
......Page 234
Child Labor in Burkina Faso
......Page 235
Côte d’Ivoire
......Page 239
Children’s Work, Child Domestic Labor, and Child Trafficking in Côte d’Ivoire
......Page 240
Gambia
......Page 245
Ghana
......Page 246
Child Labor in Ghana
......Page 247
Guinea-Bissau
......Page 251
Mali
......Page 252
Child Labor in Mali
......Page 253
Niger
......Page 256
Nigeria
......Page 257
Child Labor in Nigeria
......Page 258
Children in Street Trading in Nigeria
......Page 262
Child Labor in Nigeria: Historical Perspective
......Page 264
Senegal
......Page 269
Child Labor in Senegal: Contemporary and Historical Perspective
......Page 270
Sierra Leone
......Page 275
Togo
......Page 276
Child Soldiers in the Great Lakes Region of Africa
......Page 277
Angola
......Page 282
Cameroon
......Page 283
Child Labor in Cameroon
......Page 284
Central African Republic
......Page 288
Chad
......Page 289
Burundi
......Page 290
Ethiopia
......Page 291
Child Labor in Ethiopia: Overview and Policy Challenges
......Page 292
Attending School, Learning, and Child Work in Ethiopia
......Page 298
Kenya
......Page 301
Child Labor in Kenya
......Page 302
Children and Forced Labor in Colonial Kenya
......Page 304
Madagascar
......Page 306
Malawi
......Page 307
Rwanda
......Page 308
Tanzania
......Page 309
Child Labor in Tanzania
......Page 310
Uganda
......Page 316
Child Labor in Uganda
......Page 317
Zambia
......Page 321
Child Labor in Zambia
......Page 322
Zimbabwe
......Page 325
Working Children in Zimbabwe
......Page 326
Child Labor in Colonial Zimbabwe
......Page 330
Lesotho
......Page 332
Namibia
......Page 333
South Africa
......Page 334
Mapping Children’s Work in South African History
......Page 335
Swaziland
......Page 340
PART 3. Latin America and Carribean
......Page 342
Child Labor in Latin America
......Page 344
History of Childhood and Child Labor in Latin America
......Page 350
Child Labor and Education in Latin America
......Page 354
Children’s Social Movements in Latin America
......Page 358
Worst Forms of Child Labor in the Andes Region
......Page 362
Bolivia
......Page 367
Child Labor in Bolivia
......Page 368
Brazil
......Page 372
Recent History of Child Labor in Brazil
......Page 373
Child Street Vendors in Brazil
......Page 378
Prostitution and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents in Brazil
......Page 380
Special Health Risks to Child Workers in Brazil
......Page 382
The Intergenerational Persistence of Child Labor in Brazil
......Page 385
Child Labor Labeling in Brazil
......Page 387
Development of Child Labor Law in Brazil
......Page 390
The History of Child Labor in Brazil
......Page 394
Orphans and the Transition from Slave to Free Labor in Northeast Brazil
......Page 398
Chile
......Page 400
Colombia
......Page 401
Child Labor in Colombia
......Page 402
Ecuador
......Page 408
Guyana
......Page 409
Paraguay
......Page 410
Peru
......Page 411
Venezuela
......Page 412
Belize
......Page 413
Costa Rica
......Page 414
El Salvador
......Page 415
Child Labor in El Salvador
......Page 416
Guatemala
......Page 419
Child Labor in Guatemala
......Page 420
Honduras
......Page 424
Child Labor in Honduras
......Page 425
Mexico
......Page 429
Child Labor in Mexico
......Page 430
Street Children in Mexico
......Page 437
PROGRESA/Oportunidades: Mexico’s School Stipend Program
......Page 439
Impact of Temporary Labor Migration on Schooling Among Mexican Children
......Page 442
History of Child Labor in Mexico
......Page 444
Nicaragua
......Page 449
Child Labor in Nicaragua
......Page 450
Panama
......Page 454
Child Slaves on West Indies Sugar Plantations
......Page 455
Dominican Republic
......Page 458
Haiti
......Page 459
Child Labor in Haiti
......Page 460
Jamaica
......Page 464
Child Labor in Jamaica
......Page 465
Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Jamaica
......Page 469
PART 4. North America
......Page 474
Child Labor in Canada
......Page 476
Children in Canadian Mining
......Page 481
Nation Builders: Orphans in the Canadian Wilderness
......Page 483
Evolution of Child Welfare Policy in Canada
......Page 487
The Work of Enslaved Children in the United States
......Page 492
Orphan Trains
......Page 497
History of Children in U.S. Coal Mining
......Page 499
Child Labor in the American Glass Industry
......Page 501
Child Labor in American Textiles
......Page 505
Child Labor in Commercialized Agriculture, 1890—1966......Page 510
Evolution of U.S. Child Labor Policy
......Page 515
Florence Kelley and the National Consumers League
......Page 520
National Child Labor Committee
......Page 522
Felix Adler
......Page 524
Edgar Gardner Murphy
......Page 526
Lewis Wickes Hine
......Page 527
The U.S. Children’s Bureau
......Page 529
Children in the Fields: America’s Hidden Child Labor Problem
......Page 531
Twenty-First-Century Adolescence in America
......Page 534
American Students’ Activism Against Global Child Labor
......Page 539
PART 5. Europe
......Page 546
Europe: An Introduction and Overview
......Page 548
European Proto-Industrialization
......Page 550
European Industrialization and Child Labor
......Page 554
History of Education in Europe: Schooling and Child Labor in Europe Since the Reformation
......Page 560
Apprenticeship Practices in Europe
......Page 565
Church and Child Labor—Catholicism
......Page 570
Church and Child Labor—Protestant Reformation......Page 573
History of Child Labor in Britain
......Page 577
Pauper Apprenticeship in England
......Page 582
History of Child Labor in Coal Mining in Britain
......Page 585
Child Labor in the United Kingdom—Textiles
......Page 588
Child Work in Agriculture in Britain
......Page 591
Street Children and Street Trades in the United Kingdom
......Page 596
Chimney Sweep—Cultural Icon
......Page 600
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury
......Page 602
National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
......Page 603
Child Work and Child Labor in the United Kingdom Today
......Page 605
History of Child Labor in the Nordic Countries
......Page 608
Family Policy in the Nordic Countries
......Page 613
Child Labor in the Danish Textile Industry  
......Page 617
History of Child Labor in Finland
......Page 622
History of Child Labor in Sweden
......Page 626
Financial Incentives in Child Auctions in Nineteenth-Century Sweden
......Page 630
Child Work and Child Labor in Sweden Today
......Page 633
Child Labor in Belgium
......Page 635
Child Labor in the Ghent Cotton Mills, Nineteenth Century
......Page 639
France: A Historical Overview
......Page 643
History of Child Labor in Germany: An Overview
......Page 648
New Risks and New Opportunities in School-to-Work Transition:The Transformation of the German Apprenticeship System
......Page 652
Child Labor in the Netherlands During Proto- and Early Industrialization
......Page 658
Work, Education, and Discipline: Attitudes Toward Child Labor in the Netherlands, 1500 to 1875
......Page 662
Development of Child Labor Policy in the Netherlands Since 1874
......Page 666
Newspaper Delivery in the Netherlands
......Page 670
Exploitation of Albanian Children in Greece
......Page 672
Bosnia and Herzegovina
......Page 676
History of Child Labor in Portugal
......Page 677
Child Labor in Portugal Today
......Page 682
Child Labor in Portuguese Textiles
......Page 685
Children’s Work in Spanish Textiles During the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
......Page 687
Child Labor in Romania
......Page 691
History of Child Labor in Imperial Russia
......Page 695
Child Labor in the Russian Textile Industry
......Page 700
Children in Sex Trades in Russia
......Page 705
Position of Children and Child Labor in Russia Today
......Page 709
PART 6. North Africa and Middle East
......Page 714
History of Child Labor in North Africa
......Page 716
Algeria
......Page 717
History of Child Labor in Algeria
......Page 718
Libya
......Page 720
History of Child Labor in Libya
......Page 721
Morocco
......Page 723
History of Child Labor in Morocco
......Page 724
Morocco: Why Children Go to Work Instead of School
......Page 726
The Pyjama Trail Affair: A Case Study in Child Labor
......Page 732
Small Maids in Morocco
......Page 735
Tunisia
......Page 737
History of Child Labor in Tunisia
......Page 738
Azerbaijan
......Page 740
Child Labor in Azerbaijan
......Page 741
Egypt
......Page 745
Child Labor in Egypt
......Page 746
Georgia
......Page 749
Child Labor in Georgia
......Page 750
Iran
......Page 754
Child Labor in Iran
......Page 755
Iraq
......Page 759
Jordan
......Page 760
Child Labor and Child Growth in Jordan
......Page 761
Kuwait
......Page 763
Selling Girls in Kuwait
......Page 764
Turkey
......Page 766
Child Labor in Turkey
......Page 767
Legal Protection of Working Children in Turkey
......Page 771
Primary Education and Child Labor in Turkey
......Page 775
Sexual Exploitation of the Girl Child: Juvenile Commercial Sex Workers in Istanbul
......Page 778
United Arab Emirates
......Page 781
Children Trafficked to Gulf States for Use as Camel Jockeys
......Page 782
Yemen
......Page 787
Child Labor in Yemen
......Page 788
PART 7. Central and South Asia
......Page 792
Kazakhstan
......Page 794
Child Labor in Kazakhstan
......Page 795
Uzbekistan
......Page 799
Rural Child Labor in South Asia
......Page 800
Bangladesh
......Page 804
Bangladeshi Garment Industry: From the Harkin Bill to the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association
......Page 805
India
......Page 810
Economic History of Modern India
......Page 811
Evolution of the Law on Child Labor in India
......Page 816
Children in India’s Carpet Industry
......Page 821
Children in India’s Glass Industry
......Page 824
Children in India’s Tea Industry
......Page 826
Children of Kolkata Slums
......Page 828
Children of Delhi Slums
......Page 830
Working Children’s Unions in India
......Page 832
Child Labor and HIV and AIDS in India
......Page 837
Education and Child Labor in India
......Page 840
Challenges for Tribal Schooling in India
......Page 844
Nepal
......Page 847
Child Labor in Nepal
......Page 848
Child Labor in the Tibeto-Nepalese Carpet Industry
......Page 855
Social Labeling Programs in Nepal’s Carpet Industry
......Page 858
Trafficking of Child Workers in Nepal
......Page 860
The Recruitment and Use of Children in Nepal’s Armed Conflict
......Page 863
Pakistan
......Page 866
Child Labor in Pakistan
......Page 867
Child Work and Schooling Costs in Pakistan
......Page 873
Child Labor Policy and Legislation in Pakistan
......Page 876
Child Labor in Pakistan’s Export Industries
......Page 880
Sri Lanka
......Page 885
Forcible Recruitment of Children in Sri Lanka
......Page 886
PART 8. East Asia and the Pacific
......Page 890
China
......Page 892
Child Labor in China: An Overview
......Page 893
Education in the People’s Republic of China
......Page 900
History of Child Labor in China
......Page 904
History of Chinese Education
......Page 910
History of Child Labor in Japan
......Page 914
Education and Child Labor in Japan
......Page 921
Mongolia
......Page 924
Cambodia
......Page 926
Child Labor in Cambodia
......Page 927
Indonesia
......Page 930
Child Labor in Indonesia
......Page 931
Child Labor in Subcontracting Sectors of Indonesia’s Garment and Footwear Industries
......Page 937
Children and Work in Indonesia: Historical Overview
......Page 939
Development of Child Labor Policy in Indonesia
......Page 943
Myanmar
......Page 946
Child Soldiers in Myanmar
......Page 947
Philippines
......Page 949
Education and Child Labor in the Philippines
......Page 950
Child Labor on Sugarcane Plantations in the Philippines
......Page 954
Child Domestic Work in the Philippines
......Page 956
Children in Muro-Ami Fishing
......Page 959
Children in the Philippine Gold-Mining Industry
......Page 962
The Role of NGOs in the Philippines
......Page 965
Thailand
......Page 968
Child Labor in Thailand
......Page 969
Vietnam
......Page 973
Social Transformation and Children’s Work in Vietnam
......Page 974
Street Children in Vietnam
......Page 980
Development of Child Welfare Policy in Australia
......Page 982
Aboriginal Child Labor in Colonial Australia
......Page 986
Child Labor in New Zealand
......Page 989
Index
......Page 996