The ’War On Terror’ And The Framework Of International Law

COVER......Page 1
HALF-TITLE......Page 3
TITLE......Page 5
COPYRIGHT......Page 6
DEDICATION......Page 7
CONTENTS......Page 9
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 15
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 17
TABLE OF CASES......Page 22
TABLE OF CONVENTIONS......Page 34
1.1 preliminary remarks......Page 55
1.2.1.1 International treaties......Page 58
1.2.1.3 Subsidiary sources......Page 60
1.2.2 How international law changes......Page 61
1.2.3 The legal framework as an interconnected whole......Page 63
1.4 Overview of chapters......Page 64
2 ‘Terrorism’ in international law......Page 71
2.1.1 Pre-September 11: historical developments......Page 72
2.1.2 Post September 11: a global convention?......Page 74
2.1.3 Specific international conventions......Page 77
2.1.4 Terrorism in armed conflict......Page 79
2.1.5 Regional conventions......Page 80
2.1.5.1 Generic definition......Page 81
2.1.5.2 Definitions by reference......Page 83
2.1.6 National measures......Page 84
2.2 Do we know it when we see it? Defining terrorism and customary law......Page 85
2.2.1.2 Purpose or motive......Page 86
2.2.1.4 International element......Page 88
2.2.1.5 The authors: state actors and national liberation movements......Page 89
2.2.2 Other international practice: General Assembly, Security Council and criminal tribunals......Page 91
2.2.3 Meeting the legality threshold: preliminary conclusions on customary international law?......Page 94
2.3 Filling the gap? Terrorism and other international legal norms......Page 95
2.4 Conclusion......Page 98
3 International responsibility and terrorism......Page 101
3.1.1 Responsibility of a state for acts of terrorism......Page 102
3.1.1.1 Effective or overall control......Page 103
3.1.1.2 Ex post facto assumption of responsibility......Page 105
3.1.1.4 A grey area? Harbouring terrorists post 9/11......Page 106
3.1.2 Responsibility for breach of obligations in the fight against terrorism......Page 109
3.1.3 Consequences of international responsibility for acts of terrorism or for breach of obligations relating to the fight against terrorism......Page 112
3.2 Responsibility of non-state actors in international law......Page 115
3.2.1 Criminal law......Page 116
3.2.2 International humanitarian law......Page 117
3.2.3 Human rights law?......Page 118
3.3 conclusion......Page 123
4A The legal framework......Page 127
4A.1.1 Crimes under international and national law......Page 130
4A.1.2 Relevant principles of criminal law......Page 147
4A.1.3 Jurisdiction to prosecute......Page 153
4A.2 Implementing justice: international cooperation and enforcement......Page 160
4A.2.1 Extradition......Page 161
4A.2.2 Mutual assistance......Page 168
4A.2.3 Cooperation and the Security Council......Page 170
4B Criminal justice in practice post September 11......Page 171
4B.1.1 Paucity of prosecutions......Page 173
4B.1.2 International v. national models of justice post 9/11......Page 178
4B.2.1 International standards and procedures......Page 185
4B.2.2 Streamlining the extradition process? Developments in extradition procedure......Page 188
4B.2.3 Inter-state cooperation in practice post 9/11......Page 192
4B.3 Conclusion......Page 196
5A.1 The obligation to resolve international disputes by peaceful means......Page 198
5A.2 The use of force in international law: general rule and exceptions......Page 200
5A.2.1 Self defence......Page 203
5A.2.2 Security Council: maintenance of international peace and security......Page 222
5A.3 Other justifications for the use of force?......Page 232
5A.3.1 Humanitarian intervention......Page 233
5A.3.2 Pro-democratic intervention......Page 237
5A.3.3 Self help: breakdown in international enforcement?......Page 238
5B.1 Afghanistan......Page 240
5B.1.1 Key questions arising......Page 242
5B.2 Iraq......Page 251
5B.2.1 Key questions arising......Page 253
5B.3.1 Expanding self defence?......Page 263
5B.3.2 Internationalism, unilateralism or exceptionalism?......Page 265
5B.4 Conclusion......Page 266
6A The legal framework......Page 271
6A.1.1 Armed conflict: international or non-international......Page 272
6A.1.2 Temporal scope of IHL......Page 276
6A.2 Applicable law......Page 277
6A.3.1 Targeting: the principle of distinction and proportionality......Page 282
6A.3.2 Methods and means of warfare: unnecessary suffering......Page 290
6A.3.3 Humanitarian protections......Page 293
6A.3.4 Occupiers’ obligations......Page 298
6A.3.5 Responsibility and ensuring compliance under IHL......Page 299
6B International humanitarian law and the ‘war on terror’......Page 303
6B.1.1 Armed conflict and ‘terrorist groups of global reach’......Page 304
6B.1.2 The Afghan conflict, its nature, beginning and end......Page 309
6B.1.3 The conflict in Iraq and obligations of occupying forces......Page 312
6B.2.1 Targeting......Page 313
6B.2.2 Methods and means: cluster bombs in Afghanistan......Page 318
6B.2.3 Humanitarian protection of prisoners: executions, torture and inhumane treatment......Page 320
6B.2.4 Transparency, inquiry and onus of proof?......Page 324
6B.3 Conclusion......Page 325
7A The legal framework......Page 328
7A.1 Sources and mechanisms of international human rights law......Page 329
7A.2.1 Territorial scope of human rights obligations – ‘the jurisdiction question’......Page 336
7A.2.2 Personal scope of human rights obligations: irrelevance of nationality......Page 343
7A.3 Human rights in crisis or emergency: accommodating security imperatives......Page 344
7A.3.1 Lawful limitations: treaty ‘claw back’ clauses......Page 345
7A.3.2 Temporary suspension: derogation clauses......Page 346
7A.3.3 Customary law and emergency......Page 351
7A.3.4 Harmony in conflict? The relationship between IHL and human rights law......Page 352
7A.4.1 Protecting human security: positive human rights obligations......Page 355
7A.4.2 State responsibility and human rights violations......Page 359
7A.4.3 Specific rights protected and counter-terrorism......Page 361
7A.5 Conclusion......Page 385
7B.1 Executing the ‘war on terror’ extra-territorially......Page 386
7B.1.1 Detention of prisoners abroad?......Page 387
7B.1.2 Aerial bombardment in Afghanistan or Iraq?......Page 388
7B.1.3 Targeted Killings?......Page 390
7B.1.4 Clarifying and enforcing extra-territorial human rights law?......Page 391
7B.2 The ‘war’ and human rights......Page 393
7B.2.1 The Yemen attack: armed conflict or assassination?......Page 394
7B.3 Derogation and emergency post 9/11......Page 398
7B.3.1 An emergency threatening the life of the nation?......Page 399
7B.3.2 A valid process of derogation?......Page 400
7B.3.3 Linkage between measures taken and the emergency?......Page 401
7B.4 ‘Terrorism’ and the legality principle......Page 402
7B.4.1 Terrorism, criminal responsibility and nullum crimen sine lege......Page 404
7B.4.2 Terrorism, penalties and nulla poena sine lege......Page 406
7B.5 Torture and inhuman treatment: Abu Ghraib and beyond......Page 407
7B.6 Indefinite detention......Page 409
7B.7 Asylum and refugee exclusion......Page 411
7B.8 Asylum and refugee exclusion Cooperation in criminal matters and human rights post 9/11......Page 412
7B.9 Asylum and refugee exclusion‘Proscribing dissent’ – expression, association, assembly......Page 418
7B.10  Asylum and refugee exclusionProfiling, protecting and anti-discrimination......Page 420
7B.11.1 ‘Listing’ proscribed organisations......Page 422
7B.11.3 Independence and impartiality impaired: ‘special’ courts......Page 424
7B.12 Accountability......Page 425
7B.13 Conclusion......Page 427
8 Case study – Guantanamo Bay detentions under international human rights and humanitarian law......Page 433
8A Guantanamo Bay and its detainees: the basic facts......Page 434
8A.1.1 Treatment of detainees in Guantanamo Bay......Page 436
8A.1.2 Seeking justice in US and other courts......Page 439
8A.1.3 Overview of military procedures governing detention......Page 441
8A.1.4 Trial by military commission......Page 442
8B Application of humanitarian and human rights law to detainees in Guantanamo Bay......Page 444
8B.2.1 The framework: international humanitarian law......Page 445
8B.2.2 The framework: international human rights law......Page 446
8B.3 Categories of detainees......Page 450
8B.3.1 Entitlement to POW status......Page 452
8B.3.2 ‘Civilian’ detainees......Page 455
8B.3.3 Persons not covered by GC III or GC IV?......Page 457
8B.4.1 Existence of a lawful basis for detention......Page 458
8B.4.2 Status determinations......Page 461
8B.4.3 Information on reasons for arrest and detention......Page 465
8B.4.4 Judicial oversight of detention......Page 467
8B.4.5 Prosecution – fair trial rights......Page 471
8B.5.1 Rights regarding interrogation......Page 482
8B.5.2 Indefinite detention – repatriation......Page 483
8C.6 The obligations of third states......Page 484
8C.7 The international response to the Guantanamo detentions......Page 488
8C.8 Guantanamo Bay: implications and potential repercussions?......Page 491
8C.9 Conclusion......Page 495
9.1 September 11 as opportunity and the ‘war on terror’ response......Page 497
9.2 the legal framework......Page 499
9.3 The ‘war on terror’ and international legality: some essential characteristics......Page 501
9.4 Early reactions and key challenges: is the pendulum swinging and where might it stop?......Page 503
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 507
INDEX......Page 519