The Vibration Analysis Handbook

Cover
......Page 1
Front Matter
......Page 2
Contents
......Page 3
Periodic Motion......Page 8
Time......Page 10
Frequency......Page 11
Amplitude Measurement......Page 13
Generated Frequencies......Page 15
Excited Frequencies......Page 16
Frequencies Caused by Electronic Phenomena......Page 24
Forcing Function......Page 27
Combinations of Machine Problems......Page 28
Mixing Frequencies......Page 29
Electrical and Mechanical Relationship......Page 30
Time and Frequency Domain......Page 31
Relationship between Velocity. Displacement and Acceleration......Page 32
Relationships......Page 34
Relation between Diameter Speed and RPM......Page 39
How To Determine Machine Speed in FPM from the Vibration Data......Page 40
Conclusion and Efficiencies......Page 41
Basic Physics
......Page 42
Single Frequency......Page 43
Single Frequency with Harmonics......Page 48
Square Wave......Page 59
High Frequency Riding a Low Frequency......Page 62
Multiple Frequencies . Nonlinear Systems......Page 63
Amplitude Modulation......Page 64
Sum and Difference Frequencies......Page 68
Pulses......Page 72
Frequency Modulation......Page 74
Conclusion......Page 75
Introduction......Page 77
Personal Computer......Page 78
Real-time Analyzer......Page 79
Data collection......Page 82
Transducers......Page 84
Displacement Transducers......Page 85
Velocity Transducers......Page 87
Accelerometer......Page 88
Microphones......Page 89
Once-Per-Revolution Markers......Page 90
Multiplexer......Page 91
Introduction......Page 93
Vibration Calculation Program......Page 96
Bearing Calculation Program......Page 98
Gears Program......Page 101
Roll Ratio Program and Rusch Chart......Page 103
Group 2. Machine Doctor (MACHDOC)......Page 104
Polar Plot......Page 106
Balancing......Page 108
Diagnostic Database......Page 109
Diagnostic Modules......Page 114
Roll Quality Assurance Program......Page 115
Group4......Page 116
Theory......Page 117
Calibration......Page 121
Frequencies Generated......Page 122
Data Collection......Page 123
Continuous Monitoring......Page 124
Bent Shaft......Page 125
Misalignment......Page 128
Bearings Loose on the Shaft......Page 131
Bearings Loose in the Housing......Page 132
Noise......Page 134
Resonance......Page 135
Problems That Cause Pulses......Page 136
Oil Whirl......Page 140
Analysis of Electric Motors......Page 141
Motors Out-of-Magnetic Center......Page 142
Broken Rotor Bar......Page 145
Turn-To-Turn Shorts in Windings......Page 149
Vibration Problems in Synchronous Motor......Page 150
Solo Data on Motors......Page 152
Steam Turbines......Page 154
Impeller Contact......Page 156
Starvation......Page 157
Compressors......Page 158
Fans......Page 160
Startup/Coast Down Data......Page 161
Bump Tests......Page 164
Noise Recording......Page 166
Synchronous Time Averaging (STA)......Page 167
Relative Motion Measurements (RMM)......Page 170
Generated Frequencies......Page 173
Fundamental Train Frequency......Page 174
Ball Pass Frequency of Outer Race......Page 175
Ball Spin Frequency......Page 176
Application of the Bearing Formulas......Page 178
Outer Race Analysis......Page 181
Ball Spin Frequency Analysis......Page 182
VCI Bearing Calculation Program......Page 183
Outer Race......Page 184
Inner Race......Page 187
Modulation of Ball Pass Frequency......Page 191
Rolling Elements. Balls. and Rollers......Page 192
Multiple Defects......Page 195
Progressive Bearing Failure......Page 199
Bearing Behavior......Page 202
Inner Race Defect Length......Page 203
Defect Length Calculation......Page 207
Deep Fatigue Spalls vs . Shallow Flaking......Page 209
Acid Etching......Page 214
Fluting......Page 216
Inadeauate Lubrication......Page 220
Bearings That Have Excessive Internal Clearance......Page 222
Bearings That are Turning on the Shaft......Page 225
Testing for Bearing Frequencies......Page 227
Conclusion......Page 229
How To Take Data......Page 231
Transducer Selection......Page 232
Factoring......Page 233
Gearmesh Frequency......Page 234
Fractional Gearmesh Frequency......Page 235
Hunting Tooth Frequency......Page 236
Planetary Gears......Page 237
Digression......Page 239
End Digression......Page 242
Gear Life Expectancy......Page 248
Amplitude Modulation......Page 249
The Gears Program......Page 250
The AGMA Quality Number System......Page 251
Meshing Gears That Have a Common Factor and OneGear Is Eccentric......Page 252
Gears That Do Not Have a Common Factor and Oneor Both Gears Are Eccentric......Page 263
Gears That Are Out-of-Round or Have Several High Places......Page 268
Gears Installed on a Bent Shaft......Page 271
Loose and Worn Gears......Page 274
Misaligned Gears......Page 275
Backlash Problems or Oscillating Gears......Page 276
Broken. Cracked. or Chipped Teeth......Page 280
Conclusion......Page 291
Introduction......Page 292
Hardware......Page 293
Synchronous Time Averaging......Page 294
Hardware Setup......Page 297
Dynamic Measurement of Rolls......Page 299
Improper Ratios of Roll Sizes......Page 302
Resonant Frequencies......Page 304
Installation of Improperly Ground Rolls......Page 306
Data Collection and Analysis of Overall Vibration Data......Page 307
Relative Motion between Rolls......Page 311
Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 333
References......Page 334
A-
B......Page 335
C
......Page 336
D......Page 337
E-F
......Page 338
G......Page 339
H-I-J-L-M......Page 340
N-O-P......Page 341
R......Page 342
S......Page 343
T-V......Page 344
W-X-Y-Z......Page 345