The Vein Book

Front cover......Page 1
The Vein Book......Page 4
ISBN 0123695155......Page 5
Table of contents......Page 6
Contributing Authors......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
Prologue......Page 16
Introduction......Page 18
CHAPTER 1: Historical Introduction......Page 20
VESALIUS’S OMISSION I: VENOUS VALVES......Page 21
THE RETURN OF THE VENOUS BLOOD......Page 22
VENOUS THROMBOSIS......Page 23
DIAGNOSIS OF VENOUS DISORDERS......Page 24
COMPRESSION THERAPY......Page 25
SCLEROTHERAPY......Page 26
SURGERY OF SUPERFICIAL VEINS—FORERUNNERS......Page 27
MODERN SURGERY OF SUPERFICIAL VEINS......Page 28
BEYOND STRIPPING......Page 29
SURGERY OF THE DEEP VEINS......Page 30
VENOUS ULCERS—WHY TO TREAT THEM......Page 31
ULCER THERAPY......Page 32
References......Page 33
EMBRYOLOGY......Page 34
ANATOMY OF THE THORACIC VEINS......Page 36
ANATOMY OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY VEINS......Page 37
ANATOMY OF THE ABDOMINAL AND PELVIC VEINS......Page 38
ANATOMY OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY VEINS......Page 39
References......Page 43
INTRODUCTION......Page 46
CONCORDANCE OF CPVD WITH EDEMA, SVT, AND DVT......Page 47
RISK FACTORS FOR CPVD......Page 49
SYMPTOMS AND CPVD......Page 50
SYMPTOMS BY VISIBLE AND FUNCTIONAL DISEASE......Page 51
QOL AND CPVD......Page 52
SF-36 AND CPVD......Page 53
CONCLUSIONS......Page 55
References......Page 56
ANATOMY......Page 58
VENOUS PHYSIOLOGY......Page 59
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 61
References......Page 63
BACKGROUND......Page 66
PLETHYSMOGRAPHY......Page 67
CONTINUOUS-WAVE VENOUS DOPPLER (CW DOPPLER)......Page 70
ASSESSMENT OF THE DEEP AND SUPERFICIAL VENOUS SYSTEMS USING DUPLEX ULTRASOUND......Page 71
References......Page 74
MECHANISMS OF ULCERATION......Page 76
References......Page 83
EARLY MANIFESTATIONS OF INFLAMMATION......Page 86
TISSUE REMODELING AND ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY......Page 87
CYTOKINES......Page 89
TRIGGER MECHANISMS FOR CELL ACTIVATION......Page 90
ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE AND MECHANOTRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS......Page 91
GENETIC MECHANISMS......Page 92
References......Page 93
VARICOSE VEINS......Page 98
ADVANCED CVI: LIPODERMATOSCLEROSIS And VENOUS ULCERS......Page 101
References......Page 104
VARICOSE VEIN FORMATION (MACROSPCOPIC ALTERATIONS)......Page 108
HISTORICAL THEORIES......Page 110
ROLE OF LEUKOCYTE ACTIVATION AND FUNCTIONAL STATUS IN CVI......Page 111
TYPES AND DISTRIBUTION OF LEUKOCYTES......Page 113
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) ALTERATIONS......Page 114
CYTOKINE REGULATION AND TISSUE FIBROSIS......Page 115
ROLE OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES (MMPS) AND THEIR INHIBITORS IN CVI......Page 117
References......Page 118
INTERFACE PRESSURE......Page 122
COMPRESSION MATERIAL......Page 123
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COMPRESSION THERAPY......Page 124
CLINICAL EFFECTS OF COMPRESSION THERAPY......Page 127
References......Page 128
PREVIOUS CLASSIFICATIONS OF CVD......Page 130
REVISION OF CEAP......Page 131
TERMINOLOGY AND NEW DEFINITIONS......Page 132
LEVEL OF INVESTIGATION......Page 133
REVISION OF CEAP: SUMMARY......Page 134
References......Page 135
HEREDITY......Page 138
THEORETICAL RISK FACTORS......Page 139
SYMPTOMS OF PRIMARY VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY......Page 140
CLINICAL TESTING......Page 141
References......Page 142
DILUTION BY DIFFUSION FROM INJECTION SITE......Page 144
EFFECT OF POSITION ON VARICOSE GEOMETRY......Page 146
DETERGENTS......Page 147
HYPERTONIC AND IONIC SOLUTIONS......Page 149
Suggested Reading......Page 150
PRETREATMENT INSTRUCTIONS......Page 152
TECHNIQUE......Page 153
HAND POSITION......Page 154
INJECTION OF SCLEROSANTS......Page 155
POOR RESPONSE TO TREATMENT......Page 156
References......Page 157
POSTSCLEROTHERAPY HYPERPIGMENTATION......Page 158
TELANGIECTATIC MATTING......Page 162
CUTANEOUS NECROSIS......Page 163
SYSTEMIC ALLERGIC REACTION OR TOXICITY......Page 168
References......Page 172
PATIENT SELECTION: WHEN AND HOW TO CHOOSE LASER/IPL VERSUS SCLEROTHERAPY......Page 176
FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER TREATMENT OF LEG VEINS......Page 177
PULSED LASERS AND LIGHT SOURCES......Page 179
ADMINISTERING LASER THERAPY......Page 182
ADDRESSING THE COMMON PITFALLS IN LASER THERAPY......Page 183
References......Page 184
SURGICAL TREATMENT......Page 186
NONSURGICAL TREATMENT......Page 187
References......Page 188
INTRODUCTION......Page 190
ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION......Page 191
THE SAPHENO-FEMORAL JUNCTION......Page 192
THE GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN......Page 193
PERFORATING VEINS......Page 197
References......Page 199
C APTER 19: Conventional Sclerotherapy versus Surgery for Varicose Veins......Page 202
References......Page 207
HISTORY OF ULTRASOUNDGUIDED SCLEROTHERAPY (UGS)......Page 208
TECHNIQUES OF ULTRASOUNDGUIDED SCLEROTHERAPY (UGS)......Page 209
References......Page 217
WHAT IS SCLEROFOAM?......Page 220
VARICOSE PATTERNS WHEN CONSIDERING A SCLEROSING FOAM TREATMENT......Page 221
HOW MUCH TO INJECT?......Page 222
SIDE EFFECTS OF SCLEROFOAM......Page 223
SCLEROFOAM FOR PERFORATORS......Page 224
PREREQUISITES FOR CARRYING OUT FOAM SCLEROTHERAPY......Page 225
References......Page 226
INTRODUCTION......Page 228
HEMODYNAMIC FACTORS......Page 229
FOLLOW-UP CARE......Page 230
SELECTIVE COMPRESSION......Page 231
SAFETY MEASURES IN MICROFOAM SCLEROTHERAPY......Page 232
LONG-TERM EVOLUTION— STABILITY OF OUTCOMES......Page 235
References......Page 236
EQUIPMENT......Page 238
VENOUS REFLUX EXAMINATION AND VENOUS MAPPING......Page 239
ULTRASOUND MONITORING DURING EVLT AND VNUS CLOSURE© OF THE GSV AND SSV......Page 240
ULTRASOUND MONITORING DURING SCLEROFOAM ABLATION OF VARICOSE VEINS......Page 241
References......Page 244
CHAPTER 24: Principles of Treatment of Varicose Veins by Sclerotherapy and Surgery......Page 246
References......Page 248
CHAPTER 25: Inversion Stripping of the Saphenous Vein......Page 250
PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION......Page 251
SAPHENOUS SURGERY......Page 253
OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE......Page 254
References......Page 255
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 258
NEOVASCULARIZATION: TODAY’S EVIDENCE......Page 260
RESEARCH ON THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SAPHENOFEMORAL RECURRENCE AND THE ROLE OF NEOVASCULARIZATION......Page 262
EFFORTS TO MITIGATE NEOVASCULARIZATION-RELATED RECURRENT REFLUX......Page 263
References......Page 264
PREOPERATIVE MAPPING......Page 266
ANESTHESIA......Page 267
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE......Page 268
STAGING OF SURGERY......Page 270
AP VERSUS POWERED PHLEBECTOMY......Page 271
OFFICE-BASED AP WITH TUMESCENT ANESTHESIA......Page 272
References......Page 273
THE BEGINNING......Page 276
INITIAL CLINICAL TRIAL AND TECHNIQUE......Page 278
CLINICAL TRIAL TECHNOLOGY ISSUES......Page 279
RESULTS......Page 280
TRIVEX II: NEW TECHNIQUE AND NEW TECHNOLOGY......Page 281
SUMMARY OF PRESENT TECHNIQUE......Page 282
DISCUSSION......Page 283
References......Page 284
MODE OF ACTION OF ENDOVENOUS LASER TREATMENT......Page 286
SELECTION OF PATIENTS......Page 288
EFFECTIVENESS OF ENDOVENOUS LASER TREATMENT......Page 289
COMPLICATIONS AND ADVERSE EVENTS......Page 290
References......Page 291
LASER BACKGROUND......Page 294
LASERS USED IN EVLA......Page 295
EVLA PROCEDURE......Page 296
810 nm VS 980 nm: A RECENT REPORT......Page 298
CONCLUSION......Page 300
References......Page 301
TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT......Page 302
PROCEDURE......Page 303
DISCUSSION......Page 306
References......Page 308
SURGICAL ANATOMY......Page 310
SURGICAL PATHOLOGY......Page 311
DIAGNOSIS......Page 313
SURGERY FOR SSV REFLUX......Page 314
ENDOVENOUS TREATMENT FOR SSV REFLUX......Page 315
References......Page 316
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES......Page 318
DIAGNOSIS......Page 319
CLASSIFICATION......Page 320
TREATMENT......Page 321
References......Page 325
INTRODUCTION......Page 328
SYSTEM-SPECIFIC QUESTIONNAIRES......Page 329
References......Page 331
ETIOLOGY......Page 334
INVESTIGATIONS......Page 335
TREATMENT......Page 337
References......Page 340
SURVIVAL AFTER DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS AND PULMONARY EMBOLISM......Page 342
VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM RECURRENCE......Page 344
RISK FACTORS FOR VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM......Page 345
THE GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM......Page 346
References......Page 347
INFLAMMATION AND VENOUS THROMBOSIS......Page 350
SELECTIN AND MICROPARTICLE BIOLOGY......Page 351
THROMBOSIS RESOLUTION AND VEIN WALL FIBROSIS......Page 354
References......Page 355
THE CONGENITAL HYPERCOAGULABLE DISORDERS......Page 358
ACQUIRED HYPERCOAGULABLE DISORDERS......Page 361
CONCLUSION......Page 364
Bibliography......Page 365
INTRODUCTION......Page 366
FONDAPARINUX......Page 367
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 368
References......Page 369
DUPLEX ULTRASONOGRAPHY......Page 372
MAGNETIC RESONANCE VENOGRAPHY......Page 374
References......Page 375
POOR ADHERENCE TO PROPHYLAXIS GUIDELINES......Page 378
UNDERUSE OF PROPHYLAXIS—WHY IS THERE A PROBLEM?......Page 379
MATCHING RISK WITH PROPHYLACTIC STRATEGY......Page 381
LINKING THERAPY AND RISK......Page 383
References......Page 384
INTRODUCTION......Page 388
RISK FACTORS FOR VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM......Page 389
VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM PROPHYLAXIS......Page 390
CONCLUSION......Page 395
References......Page 397
UNFRACTIONATED HEPARIN THERAPY......Page 400
COMPLICATIONS OF HEPARIN THERAPY......Page 402
LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT HEPARIN (LMWH) FOR THE INITIAL TREATMENT OF VTE......Page 403
PHARMACOLOGY......Page 404
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS......Page 407
References......Page 410
CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 414
LABORATORY TESTING FOR HIT ANTIBODIES......Page 417
TREATMENT......Page 418
ALTERNATIVE NONHEPARIN ANTICOAGULANTS......Page 419
References......Page 421
INTRODUCTION......Page 424
TECHNIQUE......Page 425
References......Page 434
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF CAVAL INTERRUPTION......Page 436
INDICATION AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR CAVAL FILTER INSERTION......Page 437
PROPHYLACTIC CAVAL FILTER INSERTION IN TRAUMA PATIENTS......Page 438
CAVAL FILTER INSERTION DURING PREGNANCY......Page 439
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR IVC FILTER INSERTION......Page 440
OTHER IMAGING MODALITIES FOR IVC FILTER INSERTION......Page 442
SUPRARENAL IVC FILTER PLACEMENT......Page 443
AVAILABLE CAVAL FILTER DEVICES......Page 444
CONCLUSIONS......Page 449
References......Page 450
BACKGROUND......Page 454
THROMBOTIC COMPLICATIONS......Page 455
DEPLOYMENT COMPLICATIONS......Page 458
MIGRATION......Page 460
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 461
References......Page 463
THE RATIONALE BEHIND THE USE OF TEMPORARY OR RETRIEVABLE VCFs......Page 466
PROBLEMS WITH CURRENT RETRIEVABLE VENA CAVA FILTERS......Page 467
ISSUES WITH INDIVIDUAL PROPHYLACTIC INDICATIONS......Page 469
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 471
References......Page 472
UNDERSTANDING POSTTHROMBOTIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY......Page 474
INTRATHROMBUS CATHETER-DIRECTED THROMBOLYSIS......Page 476
PATIENT EVALUATION AND TECHNIQUE OF CATHETER-DIRECTED THROMBOLYSIS......Page 479
ADJUNCTIVE TECHNIQUES TO CATHETER-DIRECTED THROMBOLYSIS......Page 481
References......Page 482
INTRODUCTION......Page 484
TECHNIQUE......Page 485
DEVICES......Page 486
DISCUSSION......Page 491
References......Page 493
CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS......Page 496
SURGICAL THROMBECTOMY......Page 497
THROMBOLYSIS......Page 498
PERCUTANEOUS MECHANICAL THROMBECTOMY (PMT)......Page 499
References......Page 501
THE ANATOMY OF THE THORACIC OUTLET......Page 504
DIAGNOSIS......Page 505
TREATMENT......Page 506
OPERATION......Page 507
RESULTS OF TREATMENT......Page 508
References......Page 509
DIAGNOSIS......Page 512
TREATMENT......Page 513
References......Page 516
COHORT STUDIES......Page 518
MANAGEMENT OF C4–C6 PATIENTS......Page 520
GUIDELINES FOR PROSPECTIVE STUDIES......Page 522
References......Page 523
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING FOR PATIENTS WITH CVI......Page 526
INDICATIONS FOR INTERVENTION......Page 529
CONVENTIONAL SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR CORRECTION OF CVI......Page 530
References......Page 537
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE......Page 540
RESULTS OF SEPS......Page 542
References......Page 545
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 548
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS......Page 549
TECHNIQUE......Page 550
RESULTS......Page 551
References......Page 552
INTRODUCTION......Page 554
A NEW HYPOTHESIS......Page 555
EXIT AND REENTRY PERFORATING VEINS......Page 556
References......Page 557
CHAPTER 59: Importance, Etiology, and Diagnosis of Chronic Proximal Venous Outflow Obstruction......Page 560
INTRALUMINAL LESIONS......Page 561
ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 563
DIAGNOSIS OF VENOUS OBSTRUCTION......Page 564
ROLE OF INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND (IVUS)......Page 565
References......Page 566
OPEN SURGICAL RECONSTRUCTION......Page 568
STENTING OF THE ILIO-FEMORAL VEIN......Page 569
STENTING OF CHRONIC NONMALIGNANT OBSTRUCTION......Page 570
CLINICAL OUTCOME AFTER STENTING......Page 573
ENDOVASCULAR TECHNIQUE......Page 574
References......Page 575
EVOLUTION OF ENDOVENOUS THERAPY......Page 578
METALLIC STENTS......Page 579
THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY......Page 580
MECHANICAL THROMBECTOMY......Page 581
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF ILIOCAVAL OBSTRUCTION......Page 582
THE ENDOVENOUS PROCEDURE FOR ILIOCAVAL RECONSTRUCTION......Page 583
References......Page 592
INVESTIGATIONS......Page 594
PATHOLOGY......Page 595
CLINICAL RESULTS......Page 596
References......Page 597
THE FIRST VALVE REPAIR......Page 598
EARLY INFLUENCE OF VALVULOPLASTY UPON THE STUDY OF VENOUS DISEASE......Page 599
PATHOLOGIC CHANGES OF FEMORALPOPLITEAL VALVES......Page 601
CLINICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EXPERIENCE OF DEEP VEIN VALVE REPAIR......Page 603
INFLUENCE EXERTED BY THESE MULTIPLE REPORTS......Page 604
SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN REPAIR OF PRIMARY DEEP VEIN REFLUX DISEASE......Page 605
PUBLISHED RESULTS OF PRIMARY DEEP VEIN VALVE REPAIR......Page 607
COMPLICATIONS OF DEEP VENOUS VALVE REPAIR......Page 609
References......Page 610
DATA......Page 612
CONCLUSIONS......Page 616
References......Page 617
CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 618
PATHOLOGY......Page 619
INVESTIGATIONS......Page 620
TREATMENT......Page 622
References......Page 626
Index......Page 628