The Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell: Molecular and Biological Responses to the Extracellular Matrix (Biology of Extracellular Matrix)

Front Cover......Page 1
THE VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL: Molecular and Biological Responses to the Extracellular Matrix......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
I. Differentiation, Dedifferentiation, and Phenotypic Modulation of Smooth Muscle Cells......Page 18
II. Phenotypic Changes in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Culture......Page 20
IV. Does Change in Phenotype Imply Replication?......Page 22
VII. Origin of Intimal Smooth Muscle Cells......Page 23
VIII. Conclusions......Page 26
References......Page 27
I. Introduction......Page 34
II. Regulation of Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation and Analogies to Skeletal Muscle......Page 35
III. Smooth Muscle α-Actin Expression during Early Development......Page 36
IV. Development of the Tunica Media of the Vascular Wall......Page 38
V. Smooth Muscle Development and Neural Crest Cells......Page 41
VI. Smooth Muscle Cells of the Ductus Arteriosus......Page 42
VII. Regulation of Smooth Muscle Cell Function Exemplified in the Ductus Arteriosus......Page 48
VIII. Conclusions......Page 49
References......Page 50
I. Introduction......Page 54
II. Development of Human Aorta......Page 56
III. Developmental Changes in Expression of Cytoskeletal and Contractile Proteins......Page 58
IV. Changes in Expression of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Development......Page 62
V. Integrins in Developing Smooth Muscle......Page 67
VI. Different Stages of Smooth Muscle Development: Phenotopic Transitions and Heterogeneity of the Smooth Muscle Cells from Human Aorta......Page 71
VII. The Dense Plaque as a Smooth Muscle-Specific Structure Involved in Linkgages between Extracellular Matrix and Cytoskeleton......Page 77
VIII. Smooth Muscle Development and Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing......Page 80
IX. Conclusions......Page 84
References......Page 86
I. History......Page 98
II. Identity of the Intimal Cell......Page 103
IV. Pharmacology of Neointimal Formation......Page 106
V. Specific Molecules in the Rat Model......Page 114
VI. The Role of Intimal Replication in the Formation of an Atherosclerotic Lesion......Page 120
VII. How Does the Intima Contribute to Atheroschlerosis?......Page 123
VIII. Intimal Cells Overexpress Certain Genes in Vitro as Well as in Vivo......Page 124
IX. Plaque-Specific Gene Expression by Smooth Muscle Cells......Page 126
X. Mechanism of Lumen Occlusion in Atherosclerosis......Page 128
XI. The Nature of Restenosis Following Angioplasty......Page 130
XII. Future Directions......Page 135
References......Page 138
I. Introduction......Page 158
II. Mammalian Prenatal Blood Vessel Development......Page 159
III. Isolation and Characterization of Developmentally Regulated Genes......Page 162
IV. F-31/H19 and Blood Vessel Developmental Maturation......Page 166
V. IGF-II and Blood Vessel Developmental Maturation......Page 171
VI. Maintenance of the Developmentally Immature Phenotype in Vitro......Page 172
VII. Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 174
References......Page 175
Part 1: Molecular Identity of Smooth Muscle Cells: Overview......Page 180
I. Introduction......Page 186
II. The Cytoskeleton......Page 187
III. The Membrane Skeleton and Filament Anchorage......Page 192
IV. The Contractile Apparatus: Nailing Down the Contractile Unit......Page 195
V. Organization of the Smooth Muscle Cell......Page 199
VI. Filament Cross-Linking and Tone......Page 200
VII. Concluding Remarks......Page 201
References......Page 202
I. Introduction......Page 206
II. Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms in Smooth Muscle......Page 207
III. Myosin Heavy Chain Gene Expression......Page 215
IV. Myosin Heavy Chains in the Human Vascular Smooth Muscle System......Page 221
V. Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 224
References......Page 225
I. Introduction......Page 230
II. Smooth Muscle-Specific Genes......Page 231
III. Transcription Factors of Potential Importance in Regulation of the Smooth Muscle Phenotype......Page 242
References......Page 265
I. Introduction......Page 280
II. Suggested Reading......Page 283
Part 2: Smooth Muscle Cell Function from the Clinical Perspective: Overview......Page 284
I. Introduction......Page 288
II. Response of Artery to Injury......Page 292
III. Smooth Muscle Cell Migration......Page 300
IV. Intimal Smooth Muscle Cell Replication......Page 306
References......Page 309
I. Introduction......Page 314
II. Pharmacological Evidence for Potential Endogenous Smooth Muscle Cell Mitogens......Page 316
III. Pharmacological Evidence for Potential Endogenous Inhibitors of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation......Page 328
IV. Conclusions......Page 336
References......Page 337
I. Introduction......Page 346
II. Cytoskeletal Features of Smooth Muscle Cells......Page 348
III. Cytoskeletal Features of Fibroblasts......Page 355
IV. Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 365
References......Page 368
I. Introduction......Page 378
II. Experimental Models of Hypertension......Page 379
III. Elevated Resistance......Page 381
IV. Wall to Lumen Ratio......Page 385
V. Lumen Diameter......Page 387
VI Wall Mass......Page 388
VII. Arterial Smooth Muscle Cell Size......Page 389
IX. Arterial Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation......Page 391
X. Hyperplasia in Hypertension......Page 393
XI. Remodeling......Page 397
XII. A Biased View......Page 399
XIV. Role of the Renin–Angiotensin System......Page 401
XV. Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System......Page 402
XVI. Neointimal Proliferation......Page 404
XVIIL. Conclusion......Page 405
References......Page 406
Epilogue......Page 418
Index......Page 420