The Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: A Review of Experiment and Theory

Geophysical Monograph Series......Page 1
The Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: A Review of Experiment and Theory......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 10
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 11
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 12
2. ENERGETICS OF THE MESOSPHERE AND THERMOSPHERE......Page 13
3. SOLAR SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE......Page 15
4.1. Ion Chemistry......Page 16
4.2. Neutral Gas Energy Equation......Page 21
4.4. Minor Neutral Constituent Equations......Page 22
5. RESULTS FOR SOLAR CYCLE MINIMUM......Page 23
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 30
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 33
2. EQUATIONS OF MOTION......Page 35
3. DYNAMICAL BALANCES......Page 36
4. ZONAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION......Page 37
5. RESPONSE TO SEMI-DIURNAL TIDAL FORCING......Page 40
6. RESPONSE TO MAGNETOSPHERIC FORCING......Page 43
REFERENCES......Page 45
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 47
2.1. Chemical Reaction Scheme......Page 48
2.2. Minor Neutral Species......Page 51
2.4. Convection Electric Fields......Page 52
3. SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND TIME VARIATIONS......Page 55
4. SUMMARY......Page 56
REFERENCES......Page 57
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 58
2. INFERENCES CONCERNING LOWER-THERMOSPHERIC WINDS......Page 60
3. INTERACTIVE DYNAMO MODELS......Page 64
4. HIGH-LATITUDE DYNAMO EFFECTS......Page 66
5. FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN IONOSPHERIC DYNAMO RESEARCH......Page 68
REFERENCES......Page 69
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 75
2.1 Governing Equations......Page 76
2.2 Vertical Structure Equation: Forced and Free Solutions......Page 78
2.3 Laplace's Tidal Equation' Nomenclature and Classificationof Wave Modes......Page 79
2.4 Group and Phase Velocity......Page 82
2.5 Effects of Temperature Structure, Dissipation, and Mean Winds......Page 83
3. FORCING OF ATMOSPHERIC TIDES......Page 85
4.1 Atmospheric Tides......Page 86
4.2 Planetary Waves......Page 88
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE......Page 92
REFERENCES......Page 93
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 96
3. GRAVITY WAVE SPECTRA AND IMPLICATIONS......Page 97
3.1. Vertical Wavenumber Spectrum......Page 98
3.2. Frequency Spectra......Page 99
4. GRAVITY WAVE FoacINa OF THE MLT......Page 101
5. VARIABILITY OF WAVE FORCING AND EFFECTS......Page 102
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 104
REFERENCES......Page 105
INTRODUCTION......Page 108
Signal Processing......Page 109
RESULTS......Page 110
Time Series Analysis......Page 112
Case Study......Page 113
DISCUSSION......Page 114
CONCLUSIONS......Page 116
REFERENCES......Page 117
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 118
2.1. Power Spectra......Page 119
2.2. Effects of Solar Flux Variations......Page 120
2.4. Significance of Peaks......Page 121
2.5. Non-linear Wave Interactions......Page 122
2.6. Bispectrum Analysis......Page 123
3. CONCLUSIONS......Page 124
REFERENCES......Page 125
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAVITY WAVE AND TIDAL MOTIONS IN THE MLT......Page 127
2.2. Tidal Structure......Page 128
3. OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE OF GRAVITY WAVE-TIDAL INTERACTIONS......Page 129
4. MODELING STUDIES OF GRAVITY WAVE-TIDAL INTERACTIONS......Page 132
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 135
REFERENCES......Page 136
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 138
2.1. Wave Dissipation......Page 139
2.3. Critical levels......Page 140
3.1. Theory......Page 141
3.2. Observations......Page 142
3.3. Numerical Simulations......Page 143
5. MEAN FLOW ACCELERATION AND WAVE SATURATION BY TRANSIENCE......Page 144
5.2. Saturation.......Page 145
6. CHEMICALLY INDUCED CONSTITUENT FLUXES......Page 146
REFERENCES......Page 147
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 150
2. MODEL DESCRIPTION......Page 151
3. MODEL RESULTS......Page 152
4. SUMMARY......Page 155
REFERENCES......Page 156
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 158
2. DIFFUSIVE FILTERING THEORY......Page 159
3. WAVE INDUCED DIFFUSIVITY......Page 163
4. HORIZONTAL WAVE NUMBER SPECTRA......Page 167
5. QUASI-MONOCHROMATIC GRAVITY WAVES......Page 170
6. COMPARISONS WITH OBSERVATIONS AND SATURATION THEORIES......Page 173
CONCLUSIONS......Page 177
REFERENCES......Page 179
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 181
4. ANALYSIS PROCEDURE......Page 182
5.2. Thunderstorm Comparison......Page 184
6. DISCUSSION......Page 186
7. SUMMARY......Page 187
REFERENCES......Page 188
INTRODUCTION......Page 189
PMC CLIMATOLOGY FROM TIlE SME AND NIMBUS SATELLITE DATA......Page 191
THEORY OF THE BRIGHTNESS DISTRIBUTION OF POLAR MESOSPHERIC CLOUD......Page 195
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 200
REFERENCES......Page 202
2. OBSERVATIONS......Page 205
3. ELECTRON AND ION SCAVENGING BY AEROSOLS......Page 206
4. TttE ROLE OF GRAVITY WAVES......Page 209
7. SUMMARY......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 211
2. MODEL OF PROTON HYDRATIONS......Page 212
3. OPTIMUM IONIZATION RATE FOR IONIC NUCLEATION......Page 213
4. EMBItYO FLUX FltOM A NUCLEATION LAYER......Page 214
5. OSCILLATIONS OF CLOUD FORMATION THROUGH PHS......Page 215
7. CONCLUSIONS......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 217
Changesin the Concentrationo f MesosphericO3 and OH During a Highly RelativisticE lectronP recipitationE vent......Page 218
General Considerations......Page 219
Critical Instrument Descriptions......Page 220
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS......Page 221
MODELING RESULTS......Page 223
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 224
REFERENCES......Page 225
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 227
2. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES......Page 228
4. PHOTOCHEMICAL THEORY......Page 230
5. MODEL......Page 231
6. SENSITIVITY......Page 233
7. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION......Page 234
REFERENCES......Page 235
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 236
2. THE MODEL......Page 238
3. RESULTS......Page 239
REFERENCES......Page 241
2.1. Rocket Measurements......Page 243
2.3. Ground-based Measurements......Page 245
3. DISCUSSION......Page 246
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 248
REFERENCES......Page 249
GENERAL DESCRIPTION......Page 250
EXAMPLES OF MEASUREMENTS......Page 251
ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENTS......Page 252
REFERENCES......Page 253
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 254
2. THE SKYHI MODEL......Page 255
3. BASIC RESULTS FOR THE CONTROL SIMULATION......Page 256
4. HIGH FREQUENCY VARIABILITY AND TURBULENT DISSIPATION......Page 257
5. SOLAR TIDES AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE MEAN FLOW......Page 259
6. CONCLUSION......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 263
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 264
2. BACKGROUND......Page 265
3. THEORETICAL MODELING......Page 267
4.1. Mean Circulation......Page 269
4.2. Tides......Page 271
REFERENCES......Page 275
INTRODUCTION......Page 278
AVAILABLE POTENTIAL ENERGY IN THE THERMOSPHERE......Page 279
Available Potential Energy......Page 280
RESULTS......Page 281
CONCLUSION......Page 283
REFERENCES......Page 284
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 286
2.1. Quiescent Chemical Kinetics......Page 287
2.3. Line-of-Sight Spectral Radiance Model......Page 289
3. DATA COMPARISONS......Page 291
4. CONCLUSION......Page 292
REFERENCES......Page 293
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 295
2. BRIEF INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION......Page 296
3. SCOPE OF WlNDII MEASUREMENTS......Page 297
5. WIND COMPARISON......Page 298
6. TEMPERATURE AND EMISSION RATE COMPARISON......Page 299
8. PLANETARY SCALE DISTURBANCES......Page 300
10. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 301
REFERENCES......Page 302
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 303
2.1 The Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere......Page 304
2.2 Measurementso f the Hydroxyl Radical and its Importance in MesosphericO xygen-HydrogenC hemistry......Page 306
2.3 Photochemistry of the Metastable States of Oxygen......Page 309
2.4 Thermospheric Photochemis......Page 312
3. CONCLUSION......Page 315
REFERENCES......Page 318
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 321
3.2. Measurements during Day......Page 322
4. SUMMARY......Page 324
REFERENCES......Page 326
2. OPTIMAL ESTIMATION......Page 327
3. SEQUENTIAL ESTIMATION......Page 328
4. SMOOTHING PROPERTIES......Page 330
5. EXAMPLES......Page 331
REFERENCES......Page 335
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 336
3. TIGCM PREDICTIONS......Page 337
4.1. Active Conditions......Page 340
4.2. Quiet Conditions......Page 341
4.3. MagneticA ctivityD ependencoef CellA mplitudes......Page 342
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 343
REFERENCES......Page 344
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 346
2. LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS......Page 347
3. ORBITAL MEASUREMENTS......Page 348
4. RECOMMENDED PARAMETERS......Page 349
5. DRAG COEFFICIENTS......Page 350
REFERENCES......Page 352